Question 1

One-year-old Raja observes her brother hiding a ball behind a pillow,and then retrieves the ball.After several times of playing this game,her brother hides the ball behind a potted plant.However,baby Raja continues to look for the ball behind the pillow.Raja is demonstrating the A not B error.

Accepted Answer

The A not B error occurs when a child continues to look for an object in a previously successful hiding location (A), rather than searching in a new location where the object was last hidden (B). In this scenario, baby Raja is still looking behind the pillow, which is the previous location (A), even though her brother hid the ball behind the potted plant (B).

Question 2

If a baby learns to associate that when it cries mom and dad come running,it is most likely due to operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened by rewards or punishments. If the baby's crying behavior is consistently followed by the response of mom and dad coming to attend to its needs, then the baby learns to associate crying with the reinforcement of attention and care. This is an example of operant conditioning.

Question 3

There are no tests that will reveal an infant's intelligence.

Accepted Answer

There are developmental tests designed to assess various aspects of infant development, including cognitive skills, which can give an indication of an infant's learning and problem-solving abilities, often considered components of intelligence.

Question 4

In classical conditioning,an individual associates a behavior with a consequence or outcome.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, an individual learns to associate two stimuli, not a behavior with a consequence. Operant conditioning involves learning the association between a behavior and its consequence.

Question 5

I jingle my car keys in front of baby Sam.After a while,he looks away and is no longer interested.This is an example of dishabituation.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of habituation, where baby Sam becomes accustomed to the stimulus (the jingling keys) and loses interest, showing a decreased response to a repeated stimulus. Dishabituation would occur if a new stimulus was introduced that renewed his interest.

Question 6

If one associates a needle with pain,it is most likely due to classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a learned response. In this case, the neutral stimulus (the needle) becomes associated with the meaningful stimulus (pain) through repeated experiences, leading to a learned response where the sight or thought of a needle may elicit feelings of discomfort or fear.

Question 7

Discuss the research pertaining to violation-of-expectations.How is it related to babies' thinking about characteristics of the real world?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the research pertaining to violation-of-expectations.How is...

Question 8

For Piaget,several things mark the end of the sensorimotor stage of development,chiefly is representational ability.

Accepted Answer

Piaget identified representational ability as a key marker of the end of the sensorimotor stage of development.

Question 9

Speed of habituation is related to intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that individuals with higher intelligence tend to have faster habituation rates compared to those with lower intelligence. Habituation refers to the process of becoming accustomed to a stimulus and reducing our response to it over time. Thus, a faster habituation rate may indicate greater cognitive efficiency and processing speed, which are both associated with higher intelligence.

Question 10

Describe both similarities and differences in the ways that deaf children and hearing children acquire language skills (be sure to mention differences in deaf children of deaf families and deaf children of hearing families).How have aspects of learning theory and nativism been used to explain how deaf babies learn sign language?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe both similarities and differences in the...

Question 11

The first of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is the preoperational stage.

Accepted Answer

The first of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is the sensorimotor stage, which spans from birth to approximately 2 years of age.

Question 12

Explain how social interaction with adults contributes to advanced cognitive competence.In your explanation,address both guided participation and the cultural context in which families interact with their children.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how social interaction with adults contributes...

Question 13

What are the major milestones of language development during the first three years? What can influence linguistic progress?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the major milestones of language...

Question 14

Baby Willa watches while her mother hides a ball under a blanket.Baby Willa acts as though the ball no longer exists.This demonstrates that she has gained object permanence.

Accepted Answer

This behavior indicates that Baby Willa has not yet developed object permanence, as she acts as though the ball no longer exists once it is out of sight.

Question 15

Sakura focuses her study of development on perception,memory and language.She is most likely taking a behavioral approach.

Accepted Answer

Sakura's focus on perception, memory, and language suggests she is taking a cognitive approach to development, not a behavioral one. Behavioral approaches typically concentrate on observable behaviors and their environmental determinants, rather than internal processes like memory and language.

Question 16

The Bailey Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Scale is used to determine an individual's IQ.

Accepted Answer

The Bailey Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Scale is not used to determine an individual's IQ. It is a tool used for assessing development in children from birth to 3 years old in areas such as cognitive, motor, and social-emotional skills.

Question 17

Piaget argues that deferred imitation is important because it requires a mental representation of the behavior or skill.

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that deferred imitation is important because it involves the ability to represent past actions mentally and then use those representations to guide future behavior.

Question 18

Describe the differences between the nativist approach to language acquisition and the learning theorist approach.Explain why many theorists maintain that our language abilities are a result of both approaches.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the differences between the nativist approach...

Question 19

Piaget focuses heavily on the importance of reflexes and the development from involuntary to voluntary use of these mechanisms.

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that the initial period of development is characterized by the use of reflexes, which gradually become coordinated and integrated into more complex actions, leading to voluntary behaviors.

Question 20

A developmentalist who focuses on how behavior changes in response to experience is most likely taking a behavioral approach.

Accepted Answer

A behavioral approach focuses on how behavior is shaped by experience and reinforcement. It emphasizes observable behaviors over internal mental processes or innate factors. Therefore, a developmentalist who is focused on how behavior changes in response to experience is likely taking a behavioral approach.

Quiz 7: Cognitive Development During the First Three Years