Question 1

One of the major concerns about the Milgram studies on obedience was

Accepted Answer

There were several major ethical concerns in the Milgram studies, such as the deception of the participants and the potential harm caused to them. These ethical concerns raised questions about the validity and reliability of the results and the ethics of conducting such studies in the first place.

Question 2

Milgram's studies on obedience to authority violated several ethical principles.These include all of the following except

Accepted Answer

The answer of Milgram's studies on obedience to authority violated...

Question 3

Burger's (2009)replication of Milgram's studies on obedience to authority suggests that compared with people in the 1970s,people in 2006 were ____ likely to obey authority.

Accepted Answer

Burger's (2009) replication of Milgram's studies found that people in 2006 were just as likely to obey authority as those in the original studies conducted in the 1970s, indicating little change in obedience levels over the decades.

Question 4

Burger (2009)recently conducted a replication of Milgram's studies on obedience.One of the modifications to Milgram's original method was that Burger stopped the study after participants had reached 150 volts (rather than 450).Why did he choose the 150 volt cut-off point?

Accepted Answer

Burger chose the 150 volt cut-off point because in Milgram's work, participants who were going to disobey usually did so by 150 volts.

Question 5

The authors of your text note that across the studies that Milgram did investigating obedience to authority,the one factor that never made a consistent difference in how participants behaved was

Accepted Answer

In all of Milgram's studies, participants consistently obeyed the instructions of the experimenter even when it seemed unethical or harmful. However, when the victim (a confederate) pleaded for help or expressed signs of distress, this did not consistently influence the participants' behavior. Therefore, the best answer is B, pleas for help from the victim. The other options did not consistently influence participants' behavior either, but B is the most accurate based on the information provided.

Question 6

According to the authors,in part because the experimental procedures were so ____,it was difficult for participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments to abandon the "Obey legitimate authority" norm in favor of the norm that says,"Do no harm."

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the authors,in part because the...

Question 7

In Burger's (2009)modernized version of Milgram's experiments on obedience,there are several modern "updates." In what ways was Burger's sample of participants different from Milgram's?

Accepted Answer

Burger's sample was more diverse in terms of gender, age, and education level compared to Milgram's original sample, which was predominantly male and less varied in demographics.

Question 8

Execution teams who work at prisons tend to deny personal responsibility for the executions and state that they are just following orders.Such justifications for taking a human life illustrate that when people obey authority

Accepted Answer

Execution teams often use external justification, claiming they are following orders, to rationalize their actions and alleviate personal responsibility.

Question 9

Even though the authors point to a number of situational variables that contributed to the destructive obedience of Stanley Milgram's participants (e.g.,normative and informational conformity pressures,conflicting norms),it might still be argued that people have,lurking deep within them,sadistic tendencies that can easily be elicited by situational variables.What experimental findings by Milgram call this "personal attribution" into question?

Accepted Answer

Milgram's finding that participants administered very low levels of shock when given the choice suggests that their behavior was not motivated by inherent sadistic tendencies and instead influenced by situational factors. This challenges the notion of personal attribution for destructive obedience.

Question 10

Mika Haritos-Fatouros (1988)conducted interviews with former torturers of prisoners who were incarcerated in Greece during the late 1960s.Haritos-Fatouros found that prison authorities

Accepted Answer

Mika Haritos-Fatouros found that prison authorities used an incremental approach to turn ordinary guards into torturers, which is similar to the foot-in-the-door technique and Stanley Milgram's experimental procedures. This approach involved gradually increasing the severity of the tasks given to the guards, which eventually led them to engage in torture.

Question 11

According to the authors of your text,the work of Milgram and Burger on obedience to authority is a clear example of which conflicting goals of science?

Accepted Answer

Milgram and Burger's work on obedience to authority aimed to discover new knowledge about human behavior in relation to authority figures. However, they also took measures to ensure that their research did no harm to participants by debriefing them thoroughly and providing support. Thus, their work exemplifies the conflicting goals of science to discover new knowledge while also prioritizing the ethical principle of doing no harm.

Question 12

In addition to the role of both informational and normative conformity pressures,participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments administered escalating shocks to a confederate learner because they

Accepted Answer

Participants in Milgram's obedience experiments were caught between the normative demand to obey authority figures and the normative demand to avoid causing harm to others. They experienced conflicting pressures that made it difficult for them to make the right decision in the situation. Therefore, they became trapped in conflicting norm demands, leading them to administer escalating shocks to the confederate learner.

Question 13

The authors of your text discuss several factors that led to the high degree of obedience in the Milgram experiment.All of the following are implicated except

Accepted Answer

Aggression is not one of the factors discussed in the text that led to high obedience in the Milgram experiment. The three factors mentioned are normative social influence, informational social influence, and gradual commitment and resulting changes in self-perception (foot-in-the-door).

Question 14

According to the authors of your text,once participants in Milgram's studies delivered the first shock to the learner,this created internal pressure to obey.This dissonance made it more difficult later for participants to

Accepted Answer

Once participants delivered the first shock, they experienced cognitive dissonance, which made it difficult for them to determine when the shocks became too strong, leading them to continue obeying authority.

Question 15

If an executioner were to be questioned about how he could live with himself after taking someone's life,one likely response (according to the authors of your text)is

Accepted Answer

The response "I'm just following orders" suggests that the executioner may feel some level of responsibility for the act of killing, but may believe that they are not fully in control of the situation. This response is consistent with the idea of obedience to authority and the Milgram studies, which have shown that people will often follow orders even when they conflict with their own moral beliefs. The other options are less likely, as guilt and sociopathy would suggest deeper psychological issues, and the response about enjoying hurting people would be highly disturbing.

Question 16

Recall that Muzafer Sherif (1936)used the autokinetic effect to measure participants' estimates of the apparent movement of a stationary spot of light.In what sense did Sherif's findings illustrate informational social influence?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Recall that Muzafer Sherif (1936)used the autokinetic...

Question 17

In Burger's (2009)replication of Milgram's studies on obedience to authority,he included both men and women (as did Milgram in some of his).Which of the following is true about the gender differences Burger found?

Accepted Answer

Burger found no significant gender differences in obedience to authority, which is consistent with Milgram's findings.

Question 18

In Milgram's studies on obedience,the experimenter repeatedly tells the participants that they must continue with the study.This aspect of Milgram's studies violates the ethical principle of

Accepted Answer

The right to withdraw is an ethical principle stating that participants in a study have the right to withdraw from the study at any point without penalty. Milgram's insistence that the participants continue with the study, despite their discomfort or desire to withdraw, violated this principle.

Question 19

Despite public outcry and rigorous ethical guidelines on research,Burger (2009)recently did a replication of Milgram's studies on obedience.How was Burger able to conduct these studies?

Accepted Answer

Burger made significant changes to the original study in order to adhere to modern ethical guidelines. For example, participants were allowed to leave the study at any time, the shock levels used were not as high, and the study was stopped if the participant showed signs of distress. Additionally, Burger obtained thorough informed consent from participants and debriefed them about the study's purpose and results.

Question 20

In order for Burger (2009)to conduct a study replicating Milgram's work on obedience,he had to modify Milgram's procedures.Which of the following is one of the modifications he made?

Accepted Answer

Burger stopped the study at 150 volts, which was lower than Milgram's original stopping point of 450 volts. This was one of the modifications Burger made to ensure the safety and ethical treatment of participants. The other options (A, C, and D) are not modifications made by Burger.

Quiz 8: Conformity: Influencing Behavior

One of the major concerns about the Milgram studies on obedience was

Milgram's studies on obedience to authority violated several ethical principles.These include all of the following except

Burger's (2009) replication of Milgram's studies on obedience to authority suggests that compared with people in the 1970s,people in 2006 were ____ likely to obey authority.

Burger (2009) recently conducted a replication of Milgram's studies on obedience.One of the modifications to Milgram's original method was that Burger stopped the study after participants had reached 150 volts (rather than 450) .Why did he choose the 150 volt cut-off point?

The authors of your text note that across the studies that Milgram did investigating obedience to authority,the one factor that never made a consistent difference in how participants behaved was

According to the authors,in part because the experimental procedures were so ____,it was difficult for participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments to abandon the "Obey legitimate authority" norm in favor of the norm that says,"Do no harm."

In Burger's (2009) modernized version of Milgram's experiments on obedience,there are several modern "updates." In what ways was Burger's sample of participants different from Milgram's?

Execution teams who work at prisons tend to deny personal responsibility for the executions and state that they are just following orders.Such justifications for taking a human life illustrate that when people obey authority

Mika Haritos-Fatouros (1988) conducted interviews with former torturers of prisoners who were incarcerated in Greece during the late 1960s.Haritos-Fatouros found that prison authorities

According to the authors of your text,the work of Milgram and Burger on obedience to authority is a clear example of which conflicting goals of science?

In addition to the role of both informational and normative conformity pressures,participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments administered escalating shocks to a confederate learner because they

The authors of your text discuss several factors that led to the high degree of obedience in the Milgram experiment.All of the following are implicated except

According to the authors of your text,once participants in Milgram's studies delivered the first shock to the learner,this created internal pressure to obey.This dissonance made it more difficult later for participants to

If an executioner were to be questioned about how he could live with himself after taking someone's life,one likely response (according to the authors of your text) is

Recall that Muzafer Sherif (1936)used the autokinetic effect to measure participants' estimates of the apparent movement of a stationary spot of light.In what sense did Sherif's findings illustrate informational social influence?

In Burger's (2009) replication of Milgram's studies on obedience to authority,he included both men and women (as did Milgram in some of his) .Which of the following is true about the gender differences Burger found?

In Milgram's studies on obedience,the experimenter repeatedly tells the participants that they must continue with the study.This aspect of Milgram's studies violates the ethical principle of

Despite public outcry and rigorous ethical guidelines on research,Burger (2009) recently did a replication of Milgram's studies on obedience.How was Burger able to conduct these studies?

In order for Burger (2009) to conduct a study replicating Milgram's work on obedience,he had to modify Milgram's procedures.Which of the following is one of the modifications he made?