Question 1

The value of the ethological theory on attachment is found in its emphasis on the active role of the infant's early social signaling systems and

Accepted Answer

Ethological theory emphasizes the development of mutual attachment, highlighting the reciprocal nature of the attachment bond between infants and caregivers.

Question 2

Fathers who are given a chance to have contact with their infants at the hospital

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that fathers who are given the opportunity to have contact with their infants at the hospital are just as likely to interact with their babies through touch, vocalization, and kissing as mothers are. They may need some guidance or support initially, but they are typically eager to bond with their newborns.

Question 3

Research evaluating attachment relationships between fathers and infants and mothers and infants found that infants form attachments

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently found that infants can form attachments to both their mothers and fathers. The quality of these attachments is related to the parents' sensitivity and responsiveness to the infant's cues and needs.

Question 4

The cognitive prerequisite for the development of attachment is the development of

Accepted Answer

Object permanence refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. This cognitive ability is essential for infants to form attachments as it allows them to recognize the continued existence of their caregivers even when they are out of sight. Therefore, the development of object permanence is a prerequisite for the development of attachment.

Question 5

In the United States, fathers' unique special role in their children's lives is that of

Accepted Answer

Fathers often take on the unique role of playmate in their children's lives, engaging in physical and stimulating play that is distinct from other roles.

Question 6

Of the following individuals, who is LEAST likely to play an active role in direct child care?

Accepted Answer

Grandfathers are typically the least likely to play an active role in direct child care, as traditional gender roles often assign caregiving responsibilities to women. However, this can vary depending on cultural and familial norms.

Question 7

The important feature of the learning theory explanation of attachment is

Accepted Answer

The learning theory explanation of attachment emphasizes that attachment develops over time through satisfying interactions with key people in the child's environment. This emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping attachment, rather than innate or instinctual processes, reinforcement for appropriate behavior, or the primary drive of hunger being consistently satisfied.

Question 8

Susan, Becky, and Sally are in a room with several adults. Some of the adults are familiar to the infants and others are not. Sally smiles only at the adults she knows. Susan smiles at any of the adults who attract her attention. Becky makes an effort to be with the adults she knows and cries when a familiar adult leaves the room. Which infant is probably the oldest of the three?

Accepted Answer

Becky's behavior suggests that she has developed a level of attachment to certain familiar adults and has some understanding of object permanence (the knowledge that something continues to exist even if it is out of sight). These abilities typically develop around 6-8 months of age, suggesting that Becky is likely the oldest of the three infants. Sally's behavior indicates some level of social awareness, but does not necessarily suggest age. Susan's behavior suggests a more exploratory and perhaps less anchored approach to interacting with adults, which could be indicative of a younger age or simply a different personality or temperament.

Question 9

Over time, the orphan children's relationships with their caretakers at Bulldog Banks in England were

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is A because the passage states that "Over time, the orphan children's relationships with their caretakers at Bulldog Banks in England were positive and based on the children's feelings as a group."

Question 10

The research technique used by Mary Ainsworth to study the development of attachment was

Accepted Answer

Mary Ainsworth used the strange situation, which is a laboratory procedure designed to observe attachment relationships between a caregiver and a child. This procedure involves a series of separations and reunions between the child and the caregiver, with different scenarios designed to elicit different attachment behaviors. The strange situation has become a widely used and influential method for studying attachment in infancy and early childhood.

Question 11

The "strange situation" sequence was developed and employed by

Accepted Answer

The "strange situation" sequence was developed and employed by Mary Ainsworth.

Question 12

The primary advocate of the ethological theory of attachment is

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby is considered the primary advocate of the ethological theory of attachment. He proposed that attachment is an innate behavioral system that has evolved through natural selection to ensure the survival and protection of infants.

Question 13

study of cloth-and-wire surrogate-mother monkeys illustrated

Accepted Answer

The study by Harry Harlow showed that infant monkeys preferred the comfort of a cloth surrogate mother over a wire one that provided food, indicating that attachment is not solely based on hunger reduction.

Question 14

study of war orphans placed in an institution (Bulldog Banks) in England suggests that

Accepted Answer

The study of war orphans at Bulldog Banks showed that the children's attachments to each other remained consistent even when adult caregivers were available, indicating the importance of peer relationships in their development.

Question 15

During the developmental course of attachment, infants learn to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people before they

Accepted Answer

Infants first learn to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people, and then they develop specific attachments to particular individuals, such as primary caregivers. This process typically occurs before they form a broader social attraction or preferences for certain types of objects.

Question 16

The drive reduction model of attachment is closely associated with

Accepted Answer

The drive reduction model of attachment is closely associated with behaviorism, which emphasizes the role of conditioning and learned behaviors in the development of attachments.

Question 17

When preschool children are transferred to new schools they

Accepted Answer

Preschool children typically form strong attachments to their peers and may feel stress and anxiety when separated from them. While some children may be excited to have new experiences and make new friends, it is not the most common response. Sadness may also be present, but it is more likely to be genuine rather than solely performative. Option D is not correct because even young children can form emotional connections with others.

Question 18

As the child gets older, his distress reaction to separation from his parent

Accepted Answer

As the child gets older, he becomes more cognitively aware of what is going on and understands the temporary nature of the separation. Therefore, his distress reaction to separation from his parent decreases and becomes less of a problem.

Question 19

The children's attachment to each other in Freud and Dann's study of orphans during WWII is a demonstration of the existence of

Accepted Answer

The children's attachment to each other suggests peer attachment, which is a type of attachment that forms between children in the absence of consistent adult caregivers. It is not necessarily indicative of insecure attachment, antisocial behavior, or childhood pathology due to lack of maternal attachment.

Question 20

The fact that fathers are preferred as playmates over mothers is important because it shows

Accepted Answer

This fact highlights the attachment infants have to their fathers, indicating that the bond is not solely based on caregiving, which is often more associated with mothers, but also includes play and interaction, demonstrating a multifaceted attachment to both parents.

Quiz 6: Emotional Development and Attachment