Question 1

Researchers at State University conducted some carefully controlled sleep restriction studies. Their results are likely to demonstrate that:
A) research participants will easily adapt to the four-hour-per-night sleep schedule by the end of the first week and will show no cognitive or physical impairments over the course of the experiments.
B) there will be some beneficial effects in terms of memory consolidation, reaction time, and immune system functioning in the majority of participants.
C) immune system functioning, concentration, vigilance, reaction time, memory skills, and ability to gauge risk will be diminished in most participants.
D) there is no evidence to support the notion that REM and NREM sleep deprivation result in REM and NREM rebound effects.

Accepted Answer

The carefully controlled sleep restriction studies are likely to demonstrate that participants will experience negative effects on immune system functioning, concentration, vigilance, reaction time, memory skills, and ability to gauge risk due to the sleep deprivation. This is based on previous research that shows the negative impacts of sleep deprivation on cognitive and physical functioning. Option A is unlikely since research shows that sleep deprivation negatively impacts cognitive and physical functioning, while option B is unlikely to be the majority experience. Option D is also incorrect as there is evidence to support the notion of REM and NREM rebound effects.

Question 2

Fred volunteered for a sleep deprivation study. After being deprived of sleep for two nights:
A) he is very likely to experience episodes of cataplexy.
B) he will feel refreshed and alert once he gets his "second wind."
C) it is very probable that he will experience disruptions in mood, mental abilities, reaction time, perceptual skills, and complex motor skills.
D) it is very probable that he will develop one of the most common dyssomnias, transient insomnia.

Accepted Answer

Sleep deprivation can lead to various disruptions in mood, cognitive abilities, and physical skills. These can include irritability, difficulty concentrating, slower reaction time, impaired judgement, and decreased motor coordination. It is unlikely that Fred will experience cataplexy or develop transient insomnia after just two nights of sleep deprivation. Feeling "refreshed" and getting a "second wind" is also not a guaranteed outcome of sleep deprivation, as it varies from person to person.

Question 3

In answer to the question of why we sleep, some researchers have concluded that different sleep patterns exhibited by different animal species, including humans, are the result of
A) variations in levels of neurotransmitters such as melatonin.
B) evolutionary adaptation.
C) variations in light levels at different latitudes
D) differences in the size of the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Accepted Answer

Different sleep patterns exhibited by different animal species are likely the result of evolutionary adaptation to their specific ecological niches and environmental factors. For example, predators may need to remain alert for longer periods of time while prey animals may need to conserve energy and sleep more to avoid being vulnerable. These adaptations would have developed over time through natural selection.

Question 4

Dreaming usually takes place during _____ sleep and is typically accompanied by _____.
A) NREM; voluntary muscle movements, including sleeptalking and sleepwalking
B) deep; minimal brain activity
C) REM; voluntary muscle movements, talking, and sleepwalking
D) REM; physiological arousal and rapid movement of the eyes

Accepted Answer

Dreaming typically takes place during REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, which is characterized by physiological arousal and rapid movement of the eyes.

Question 5

By the time children are 5 years old:
A) about 50 percent of sleep time is spent in REM sleep and 50 percent is spent in quiet sleep that is very similar to NREM stages 1 and 2.
B) their sleep patterns are characterized by 60-minute sleep cycles, producing up to 13 cycles per day.
C) the typical 90-minute sleep cycles of alternating REM and NREM are established.
D) they will begin to experience their first dreams and nightmares.

Accepted Answer

By the time children are 5 years old, the typical 90-minute sleep cycles of alternating REM and NREM sleep are established. Option A is incorrect because infants spend about 50 percent of their sleep time in REM sleep, whereas it decreases as they mature. Option B is incorrect because children's sleep cycles become longer with age. Option D is not necessarily true for all children, as some may have had dreams or nightmares before age 5.

Question 6

Ted went without sleep for two days in order to study for a final exam. Ted can expect to experience:
A) virtually no effect on his mental abilities and reaction time.
B) very brief episodes of sleep called microsleeps that occur during wakefulness.
C) REM sleep behavior disorder.
D) intense hypnagogic hallucinations.

Accepted Answer

Going without sleep for two days will likely result in brief episodes of sleep called microsleeps that occur during wakefulness. This is because the brain needs sleep in order to function properly, and even short periods of sleep deprivation can lead to cognitive and physiological impairments.

Question 7

According to Focus on Neuroscience: The Sleep-Deprived Emotional Brain, which of the following is TRUE?
A) People often react with greater emotionality when they're not getting adequate sleep.
B) When people are consistently operating on too little sleep their emotional reactions are considerably reduced.
C) A brain area called the amygdala has significantly reduced activity in sleep-deprived people compared to adequately rested people.
D) Research has clearly shown that watching unpleasant, disturbing images causes people to feel much more sleep-deprived and tired than when they watch neutral images.

Accepted Answer

The article states that sleep-deprived people often have greater emotional reactions, such as increased irritability and reactivity, compared to those who are adequately rested.

Answer: D
 The article does not make any mention of research showing that unpleasant images cause people to feel more tired and sleep-deprived than neutral images. Therefore, option D is not true.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

Question 8

For several nights in a row, a sleep researcher wakes you up whenever you show signs of entering REM sleep. On the first night that you are allowed to sleep uninterrupted, you will most likely experience:
A) microsleeps.
B) a dramatic increase in stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep.
C) REM rebound.
D) very little REM sleep.

Accepted Answer

REM rebound refers to the tendency for an individual to experience an increase in the amount and intensity of REM sleep after a period of REM sleep deprivation. In this scenario, the sleep researcher has been interrupting the individual's REM sleep for several nights, leading to REM deprivation. When the individual is finally allowed to sleep uninterrupted, they are likely to experience an increase in REM sleep as their body attempts to make up for the missed REM sleep. Therefore, C is the best choice.

Question 9

On the average, each complete cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about:
A) 20 minutes.
B) 1 hour.
C) 90 minutes.
D) 8 hours.

Accepted Answer

On average, each complete cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about 90 minutes. This cycle repeats throughout the night, with the length of each cycle gradually lengthening as the night progresses, and the amount of time spent in REM sleep increasing with each cycle.

Question 10

On average, a newborn infant sleeps about 16 hours per day. How much of this sleep time is spent in REM sleep?
A) none
B) less than 20 percent of the sleep time
C) about 50 percent of the sleep time
D) all of a newborn's sleep time

Accepted Answer

Newborns spend approximately 50 percent of their sleep time in REM sleep, also known as active sleep. This is because their brains are still developing, and REM sleep is believed to be important for this development.

Question 11

During a normal night's sleep, a person typically experiences about _____ of NREM and REM sleep.
A) 1 cycle
B) 2 cycles
C) 5 cycles
D) 8 cycles

Accepted Answer

A person typically experiences about 5 cycles of NREM and REM sleep during a normal night's sleep. Each cycle lasts approximately 90 minutes.

Question 12

The cycles of NREM sleep and REM sleep begin:
A) during fetal development.
B) almost immediately after birth.
C) about six months after birth.
D) when the infant is about one year old.

Accepted Answer

The cycles of NREM and REM sleep begin during fetal development, as these sleep patterns are observed in the fetus before birth.

Question 13

According to the _____ different sleep patterns in different animals have developed as a way of conserving energy and preventing a particular species from interacting with the environment when doing so is most hazardous.
A) neodissociation model
B) activation-synthesis theory
C) neurocognitive model
D) evolutionary adaptation perspective

Accepted Answer

The term "evolutionary adaptation perspective" suggests that the answer has to do with how sleep patterns have developed over time as a way for different species to adapt to their environments. The other answer choices do not relate to this topic.

Question 14

According to the In Focus box titled "What You Really Want to Know About Sleep," which of the following is FALSE?
A) Yawning is typically followed by an increase in activity level.
B) Blind people frequently use sign language to "sleep sign" during sleep.
C) In a relatively common phenomenon called sleep paralysis, the paralysis of REM sleep carries over to the waking state for a short period of time.
D) Research has shown that increases in adenosine levels promote feelings of sleepiness.

Accepted Answer

Blind people do not frequently use sign language to "sleep sign" during sleep; this is not a documented phenomenon.

Question 15

Danita goes to bed at 10 P.M. and quickly falls asleep. She sleeps soundly until 6 A.M. the next morning. Between 2 A.M. and 6 A.M. Danita will most likely experience:
A) long episodes of REM sleep.
B) hypnagogic hallucinations.
C) the complete absence of NREM sleep.
D) long episodes of stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep.

Accepted Answer

During the later part of the sleep cycle, particularly in the early morning hours, REM sleep episodes become longer, which is when Danita is most likely to experience long episodes of REM sleep.

Question 16

Researchers at State University's sleep research lab deprived some volunteers of sleep for 35 hours while others slept normally. This was followed by fMRI scans of participants' brains while they observed a series of images (pleasant, disturbing, and neutral). If the results are similar to those reported in Focus on Neuroscience: The Sleep-Deprived Emotional Brain, the researchers are likely to find that:
A) there will be no difference in brain activity between the groups, regardless of the type of image each group saw.
B) the sleep-deprived brain is much more prone to strong emotional reactions, especially in response to negative stimuli.
C) compared to the adequately rested participants, the sleep-deprived participants will have reduced activity in a brain area called the amygdala.
D) compared to the adequately rested participants, the sleep-deprived participants will have reduced activity in a brain area called the amygdala, but only in response to aversive stimuli.

Accepted Answer

Sleep deprivation increases emotional reactivity, especially to negative stimuli.

Question 17

The In Focus box titled "What You Really Want to Know About Sleep" discusses the topic of sleepwalking, making the point that:
A) in general, it is not dangerous to wake a sleepwalker.
B) because sleepwalkers are always in REM sleep when they walk, it is very easy to wake them.
C) the majority of sleepwalkers do not respond to verbal suggestions, and attempts to guide them back to bed are usually futile.
D) in general, it is very dangerous to try and wake a sleepwalker.

Accepted Answer

The In Focus box states that in general, it is not dangerous to wake a sleepwalker.

Question 18

Lazaro goes to bed at 10 P.M. and quickly falls asleep. He sleeps soundly until 6 A.M. the next morning. During the first four hours of sleep, Lazaro will most likely experience:
A) long episodes of REM sleep.
B) stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep.
C) the complete absence of dreaming.
D) very light sleep consisting almost entirely of stages 1 and 2 NREM.

Accepted Answer

During the first four hours of sleep, the body is typically in stages 3 and 4 of non-REM sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep. This is the deepest stage of sleep where the body is most relaxed and the brain waves are slow. It is during this stage that the body can restore and repair itself.

Question 19

Because of the effects of depriving research subjects of either REM sleep or stages 3 and 4 NREM deep sleep, it seems clear that:
A) we need to experience the full range of NREM sleep stages and REM sleep.
B) neither REM sleep nor NREM sleep is a necessary component of sleep.
C) REM sleep is a necessary component of sleep, but deep sleep is not.
D) deep sleep is a necessary component of sleep, but REM sleep is not.

Accepted Answer

The effects of depriving research subjects of either REM sleep or stages 3 and 4 NREM deep sleep suggest that we need to experience the full range of NREM sleep stages and REM sleep for optimal functioning. Therefore, option A is the best choice. Option B is incorrect because both REM sleep and NREM sleep are necessary components of sleep. Option C is partially correct, as REM sleep is essential, but deep sleep is also necessary. Option D is incorrect because deep sleep is a crucial component of sleep, but REM sleep is also necessary.

Question 20

Observing a female research participant who is in REM sleep, a sleep researcher can conclude that all of the following are true of the participant EXCEPT:
A) she is dreaming.
B) her brain becomes very active.
C) her voluntary muscle activity is suppressed.
D) her heart rate and blood pressure reach their lowest levels.

Accepted Answer

Heart rate and blood pressure do decrease during REM sleep, but they do not necessarily reach their lowest levels during this stage of sleep. Therefore, this option cannot be concluded with certainty based solely on observation of a participant in REM sleep.

Quiz 4: Consciousness and Its Variations

Researchers at State University conducted some carefully controlled sleep restriction studies. Their results are likely to demonstrate that:

Fred volunteered for a sleep deprivation study. After being deprived of sleep for two nights:

In answer to the question of why we sleep, some researchers have concluded that different sleep patterns exhibited by different animal species, including humans, are the result of

Dreaming usually takes place during _ sleep and is typically accompanied by _.

By the time children are 5 years old:

Ted went without sleep for two days in order to study for a final exam. Ted can expect to experience:

According to Focus on Neuroscience: The Sleep-Deprived Emotional Brain, which of the following is TRUE?

For several nights in a row, a sleep researcher wakes you up whenever you show signs of entering REM sleep. On the first night that you are allowed to sleep uninterrupted, you will most likely experience:

On the average, each complete cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about:

On average, a newborn infant sleeps about 16 hours per day. How much of this sleep time is spent in REM sleep?

During a normal night's sleep, a person typically experiences about _____ of NREM and REM sleep.

The cycles of NREM sleep and REM sleep begin:

According to the _____ different sleep patterns in different animals have developed as a way of conserving energy and preventing a particular species from interacting with the environment when doing so is most hazardous.

According to the In Focus box titled "What You Really Want to Know About Sleep," which of the following is FALSE?

Danita goes to bed at 10 P.M. and quickly falls asleep. She sleeps soundly until 6 A.M. the next morning. Between 2 A.M. and 6 A.M. Danita will most likely experience:

The In Focus box titled "What You Really Want to Know About Sleep" discusses the topic of sleepwalking, making the point that:

Lazaro goes to bed at 10 P.M. and quickly falls asleep. He sleeps soundly until 6 A.M. the next morning. During the first four hours of sleep, Lazaro will most likely experience:

Because of the effects of depriving research subjects of either REM sleep or stages 3 and 4 NREM deep sleep, it seems clear that:

Observing a female research participant who is in REM sleep, a sleep researcher can conclude that all of the following are true of the participant EXCEPT: