Question 1

Name four of William James's students and discuss how they influenced the development of psychology in the United States.

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Question 2

Anecdotal evidence is one of the strongest forms of scientific evidence.

Accepted Answer

Anecdotal evidence is not a strong form of scientific evidence as it relies on personal experiences and observations, which may not be representative of the overall population or subject. Scientific studies typically require more rigorous and systematic data collection and analysis to draw reliable conclusions.

Question 3

What kinds of obstacles did women face in the early days of American psychology?

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Question 4

What contributions did Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn make to psychology?

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Question 5

Although the American Psychological Association publishes guidelines governing the treatment of humans in psychological research, it does not have similar guidelines governing the use of animals in psychological research.

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The American Psychological Association does have guidelines governing the use of animals in psychological research, known as the "Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Animals in Research" (2019).

Question 6

What role did William James play in the founding of psychology in the United States?

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Question 7

Discuss the achievements and contributions of Francis C. Sumner.

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Question 8

What roles did philosophy and physiology play in the development of psychology as an independent science?

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Question 9

A common problem in trying to evaluate psychology research presented in the mass media is that reporters often want to boil complex psychological studies down to a 10-second sound bite.

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This is a common problem in the media, as reporters often simplify complex psychological research to fit into a brief news clip or headline. This can lead to misunderstandings or oversimplifications of the research findings.

Question 10

If the words link, association, relationship, or connection appear in the headlines describing a psychological study, most likely the study being described is a correlational study.

Accepted Answer

Correlational studies examine the relationship or association between variables, which is often described with words like link, association, relationship, or connection in headlines.

Question 11

Nonhuman animal participants are used in the vast majority of psychological studies conducted each year in this country.

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Nonhuman animal participants are not used in the vast majority of psychological studies conducted each year in this country. While animal research is still conducted in some areas of psychology and other scientific fields, there has been a growing emphasis on the ethical treatment of animals and the development of alternative methods that do not involve animals. Human participants are the primary focus of most psychological research.

Question 12

How did Wilhelm Wundt and William James differ in their views of what psychology should study?

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Question 13

In evaluating psychological research presented in the mass media, it is important to remember that the words correlation and causality mean the same thing.

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Correlation and causality have different meanings in psychology research. Correlation refers to an association between two variables, while causality refers to a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. It is important to distinguish between the two when evaluating psychological research presented in the media.

Question 14

If the original source of a professional publication of a study is noted in a television or magazine report, you can be completely confident the findings of the study are valid and accurate.

Accepted Answer

Just because a television or magazine report notes the original source of a study, it does not guarantee the validity and accuracy of its findings. It's important to check the credentials of the source and evaluate the methodology and results of the study before drawing any conclusions.

Question 15

Using nonhuman animal participants in research studies allows psychologists to exert a much higher degree of control over the experimental participants' environment than when human participants are involved.

Accepted Answer

Using nonhuman animals in research allows psychologists to control extraneous variables such as genetics, environmental factors, and social factors to a greater extent than with human participants who have greater autonomy and cannot be manipulated in the same way.

Question 16

Apes and monkeys are, by far, the most commonly used nonhuman animals in psychological research in the United States.

Accepted Answer

Rats and mice are the most commonly used nonhuman animals in psychological research in the United States, not apes and monkeys.

Question 17

Discuss Charles Darwin's influence on William James and explain how Darwin's theory of evolution contributed to psychology.

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Question 18

Skepticism is the rule, not the exception, in science.

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Skepticism is a core principle in science, where theories and ideas are constantly challenged and tested to ensure their validity. This helps to avoid errors and biases and promotes scientific rigor.

Question 19

What early school of psychology did Titchener found, and what did that school advocate?

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Question 20

In evaluating psychological research presented in the mass media, it is important to look for the elements of good research design, including control groups, operational definitions of the variables being studied, and randomly assigned participants to the study conditions.

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Quiz 1: Introduction and Research Methods