Question 1

Write nuclear reaction equations to show how helium-4 nuclides are produced from protons in our Sun.

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Question 2

When an atom of uranium-235 captures a neutron, the product, uranium-236, is unstable and splits into two lighter nuclides. One of these fission reactions produces barium, krypton, and 3 neutrons. Write a balanced reaction equation for this fission process.

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Question 3

It is interesting to compare the energy produced by fusion to that produced by combustion. When carbon burns to produce carbon dioxide, 395 kJ/mol of energy is released. Approximately how much greater is the energy per mole of deuterium that is released in the following fusion process: ? The atomic masses are 2.0104 g/mol for deuterium and 4.0026 g/mol for helium. Be sure to keep track of the units and get them correct; remember, 1 kJ = 1000 kg m²/s².

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Question 4

The argon-40 method of radioisotope dating was developed in the Geology Department at Stony Brook University to determine the age of rocks brought back from the moon. This method assumes that no argon-40 gas was trapped when the molten rock solidified, and that no argon-40 can escape from the solid rock. One sample that was analyzed had a ratio of potassium-40 to argon-40 of 0.100 (N_K/N_Ar = 0.100). Potassium-40 decays into argon-40 by positron emission with a half-life of 1.28 * 10⁹ years. How many years ago was this moon rock formed?

Accepted Answer

Using the formula for the decay of potassium-40 into argon-40, we can find the amount of time that has passed since the rock was formed:

t = (ln(1 + 1.28x10^9 x ln(0.1)))/(1.28x10^9) = 4.4x10^9 years

However, we need to subtract the age of the moon itself (which is assumed to be 4.5 billion years) to find the actual age of the rock:

Age of rock = 4.5 billion years - 0.4 billion years = 4.1 billion years, which is approximately 4.4x10^9 years.

Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 5

A nerdy Scotch-drinking physicist, Nicola, suspected that the 50-year-old Scotch she purchased was misrepresented. Reasoning that water must contain the radioactive hydrogen isotope, tritium, because this isotope is produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays, she decided she could use the tritium concentration in the Scotch to determine when it was bottled. She found that the tritium concentration in the Scotch was only 64% that of the tritium concentration in the water on the Isle of Islay where the Scotch was bottled. How old, really, was this 50-year-old Scotch? The half-life of tritium is 12.3 years.

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Question 6

Strontium-90 is most likely to decay by __________.

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Question 7

Bombarding atoms with alpha particles is a common way to synthesize new nuclides. Ernest Rutherford produced oxygen-17 from nitrogen-14 this way in 1919. Write a balanced reaction equation for this synthesis.

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Question 8

Tritium, (³H) is used in glowing "EXIT" signs located where there is no electricity for light bulbs. If the half-life of tritium is 12.26 years, what percentage of the original quantity of the isotope is left after 18.5 years?

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Question 9

Nitrogen-13 decays by __________ emission to produce __________.

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Question 10

Write a nuclear reaction equation for the decay of thorium-232 by alpha emission followed by beta emission.

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Question 11

When carbon and oxygen combine in a combustion reaction, 394 kJ of energy is released for each mole of carbon dioxide that is produced. Compare this amount with the energy released in our Sun when 1 mole of helium-4 is produced from 4 protons. helium-4 mass (2 protons, 2 neutrons, 2 electrons) 4.002602 g/mol proton mass 1.007279 g/mol neutron mass 1.008665 g/mol electron mass 5.485799*10^-⁴ g/mol speed of light 2.997924 *10⁸ m/s

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Question 12

Carbon-14 measurements on the linen wrappings from the Book of Isaiah on the Dead Sea Scrolls indicated that the scrolls contained about 79.5% of the carbon-14 found in living tissue. Approximately how old are these scrolls? The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years.

Accepted Answer

The percent of carbon-14 found in the linen wrappings indicates that the carbon-14 has decayed over approximately two half-lives, or 2 x 5730 years = 11,460 years. Therefore, the scrolls are approximately 11,460 years x 0.795 = 9125.7 years old. Therefore, the best choice is D) 1900 years, which is the closest option.

Question 13

A rock from the moon was found to contain 1.0 * 10^-⁵ g of uranium-238 and 4.0 *10^-⁶ g lead-206. All of the lead-206 came from the decay of uranium-238. The half-life for this decay is 4.5* 10⁹ years. How old is this rock?

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Question 14

When an atom of uranium-235 captures a neutron, the product, uranium-236, is unstable and splits into two lighter nuclides. One of these fission reactions produces cesium, rubidium, and 2 neutrons. Write a balanced reaction equation for this fission process.

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Question 15

A barrel of oil produces about 5.9*10⁶ kJ of energy. Fission of 235 g of uranium-235 releases 2.1 * 10¹⁰ kJ of energy. How many barrels of oil are equivalent to 1 kg of uranium-235?

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Question 16

Identify two processes that convert a proton into a neutron.

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Question 17

Identify the process that converts a neutron into a proton.

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Question 18

Which graph below describes the decay of two radioactive nuclides, P and Q, when the half-life of Q is longer than the half-life of P? In these graphs ln[N(0)/N(t)] is plotted on the y-axis with time (t) on the x-axis. N(0) = number of radioactive nuclides present at time = 0, and N(t) = number present at time = t.

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Question 19

Which graph below describes the decay of two radioactive nuclides, P and Q, when the half-life of Q is shorter than the half-life of P? In these graphs ln[N(0)/N(t)] is plotted on the y-axis with time (t) on the x-axis. N(0) = number of radioactive nuclides present at time = 0, and N(t) = number present at time = t.

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Question 20

A 10.00 g sample of wood from an archaeological site produced 3072 $\beta$ particles in a 10-hour measurement owing to the presence of carbon-14, while a 10.00 g sample of new wood produced 9216 $\beta$particles in the same period of time. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. How old is the wood from the archaeological site?

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Quiz 21: Nuclear Chemistry

Write nuclear reaction equations to show how helium-4 nuclides are produced from protons in our Sun.

When an atom of uranium-235 captures a neutron, the product, uranium-236, is unstable and splits into two lighter nuclides. One of these fission reactions produces barium, krypton, and 3 neutrons. Write a balanced reaction equation for this fission process.

Strontium-90 is most likely to decay by __________.

Bombarding atoms with alpha particles is a common way to synthesize new nuclides. Ernest Rutherford produced oxygen-17 from nitrogen-14 this way in 1919. Write a balanced reaction equation for this synthesis.

Tritium, (³H) is used in glowing "EXIT" signs located where there is no electricity for light bulbs. If the half-life of tritium is 12.26 years, what percentage of the original quantity of the isotope is left after 18.5 years?

Nitrogen-13 decays by emission to produce .

Write a nuclear reaction equation for the decay of thorium-232 by alpha emission followed by beta emission.

Carbon-14 measurements on the linen wrappings from the Book of Isaiah on the Dead Sea Scrolls indicated that the scrolls contained about 79.5% of the carbon-14 found in living tissue. Approximately how old are these scrolls? The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years.

A rock from the moon was found to contain 1.0 * 10^-⁵ g of uranium-238 and 4.0 10^-⁶ g lead-206. All of the lead-206 came from the decay of uranium-238. The half-life for this decay is 4.5 10⁹ years. How old is this rock?

When an atom of uranium-235 captures a neutron, the product, uranium-236, is unstable and splits into two lighter nuclides. One of these fission reactions produces cesium, rubidium, and 2 neutrons. Write a balanced reaction equation for this fission process.

A barrel of oil produces about 5.910⁶ kJ of energy. Fission of 235 g of uranium-235 releases 2.1 10¹⁰ kJ of energy. How many barrels of oil are equivalent to 1 kg of uranium-235?

Identify two processes that convert a proton into a neutron.

Identify the process that converts a neutron into a proton.

Quiz 21: Nuclear Chemistry

Write nuclear reaction equations to show how helium-4 nuclides are produced from protons in our Sun.

When an atom of uranium-235 captures a neutron, the product, uranium-236, is unstable and splits into two lighter nuclides. One of these fission reactions produces barium, krypton, and 3 neutrons. Write a balanced reaction equation for this fission process.

Strontium-90 is most likely to decay by __________.

Bombarding atoms with alpha particles is a common way to synthesize new nuclides. Ernest Rutherford produced oxygen-17 from nitrogen-14 this way in 1919. Write a balanced reaction equation for this synthesis.

Tritium, (3H) is used in glowing "EXIT" signs located where there is no electricity for light bulbs. If the half-life of tritium is 12.26 years, what percentage of the original quantity of the isotope is left after 18.5 years?

Nitrogen-13 decays by __________ emission to produce __________.

Write a nuclear reaction equation for the decay of thorium-232 by alpha emission followed by beta emission.

Carbon-14 measurements on the linen wrappings from the Book of Isaiah on the Dead Sea Scrolls indicated that the scrolls contained about 79.5% of the carbon-14 found in living tissue. Approximately how old are these scrolls? The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years.

A rock from the moon was found to contain 1.0 * 10-5 g of uranium-238 and 4.0 *10-6 g lead-206. All of the lead-206 came from the decay of uranium-238. The half-life for this decay is 4.5* 109 years. How old is this rock?

When an atom of uranium-235 captures a neutron, the product, uranium-236, is unstable and splits into two lighter nuclides. One of these fission reactions produces cesium, rubidium, and 2 neutrons. Write a balanced reaction equation for this fission process.

A barrel of oil produces about 5.9*106 kJ of energy. Fission of 235 g of uranium-235 releases 2.1 * 1010 kJ of energy. How many barrels of oil are equivalent to 1 kg of uranium-235?

Identify two processes that convert a proton into a neutron.

Identify the process that converts a neutron into a proton.

Tritium, (³H) is used in glowing "EXIT" signs located where there is no electricity for light bulbs. If the half-life of tritium is 12.26 years, what percentage of the original quantity of the isotope is left after 18.5 years?

Nitrogen-13 decays by emission to produce .

A rock from the moon was found to contain 1.0 * 10^-⁵ g of uranium-238 and 4.0 10^-⁶ g lead-206. All of the lead-206 came from the decay of uranium-238. The half-life for this decay is 4.5 10⁹ years. How old is this rock?

A barrel of oil produces about 5.910⁶ kJ of energy. Fission of 235 g of uranium-235 releases 2.1 10¹⁰ kJ of energy. How many barrels of oil are equivalent to 1 kg of uranium-235?