Question 1

If you are interested in determining whether fatigue causes negative mood,you would need to conduct a(n):
A) interview.
B) survey.
C) experiment.
D) observational study.

Accepted Answer

In order to determine if fatigue causes negative mood, an experiment would be the most appropriate choice. In an experiment, participants can be randomly assigned to a fatigue-inducing condition or a non-fatigue condition and then compared on measures of negative mood. This allows for causal conclusions to be drawn about the relationship between fatigue and negative mood. Surveys and interviews can provide valuable information about the experience of fatigue and negative mood, but they cannot establish causal relationships. Observational studies can also be informative, but they may not have the same degree of control over variables as an experiment.

Question 2

Internal validity is a characteristic of which type of study?
A) observational studies
B) correlations
C) experiments
D) interviews

Accepted Answer

Internal validity refers to the degree to which a study accurately and conclusively demonstrates a cause-and-effect relationship between variables. Experiments are the only type of study design that allow for researchers to control for confounding variables and manipulate the independent variable in order to establish causality, making them the most effective in terms of internal validity.

Question 3

A factor other than the intended treatment that may change the outcome variable is known as:
A) covariation.
B) an extraneous variable.
C) internal validity.
D) temporal precedence.

Accepted Answer

An extraneous variable is a factor other than the intended treatment that may change the outcome variable. Covariation refers to the degree to which two variables are related to each other, internal validity refers to the extent to which a study can establish a cause-and-effect relationship, and temporal precedence refers to the order in which variables are measured or manipulated. Therefore, the best answer is B, since it specifically addresses the presence of an extraneous variable.

Question 4

The _____ experimental control a study has,the _____ internal validity it has.
A) more;less
B) less;less
C) more;more
D) less;more

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _____ experimental control a study has,the...

Question 5

Compared with participants in the control condition,participants in the experimental condition should be:
A) older.
B) wealthier.
C) smarter.
D) essentially the same.

Accepted Answer

In experimental research, the control group is used as a comparison group to assess the impact of the experimental treatment. Therefore, the participants in the control and experimental conditions should be similar in terms of relevant characteristics (such as age, income, or intelligence) except for the treatment they are receiving. This ensures that any observed differences between the two groups can be attributed to the treatment and not to other factors. So, the participants in the experimental condition should be essentially the same as those in the control condition, making D the correct answer.

Question 6

Professor Carlson is interested in understanding whether uniform color impacts football players' performances.In his study,_____ is manipulated and _____ is measured.
A) performance;uniform color
B) uniform color;performance
C) performance;which team is playing
D) uniform color;years of playing experience

Accepted Answer

In this study, the variable being manipulated is the uniform color, while the variable being measured is the football players' performance. Therefore, the correct choice is B, where uniform color is manipulated and performance is measured.

Question 7

For which of the following would using experimental research NOT be appropriate?
A) the influence of weight lifting on aggression
B) the impact of snacking on weight gain
C) the relationship between eye color and IQ
D) the impact of alcohol consumption on behavioral inhibition

Accepted Answer

Experimental research involves manipulating variables to determine their effect on outcomes. Eye color is not something that can be manipulated, so experimental research would not be appropriate for examining the relationship between eye color and IQ.

Question 8

In an experiment examining whether pet ownership leads to greater life satisfaction,pets would be considered the _____ variable,whereas life satisfaction would be considered the _____ variable.
A) independent;dependent
B) dependent;independent
C) dependent;control
D) control;independent

Accepted Answer

In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is manipulated or changed by the experimenter, which in this case is pet ownership. The dependent variable is the outcome that is being measured and is expected to change as a result of the independent variable, which in this case is life satisfaction. Therefore, pets are the independent variable and life satisfaction is the dependent variable.

Question 9

Covariation tells us:
A) that one variable causes changes in another variable.
B) that two variables are associated with each other.
C) that two variables are not associated with each other.
D) that one variable is not responsible for changes in another variable.

Accepted Answer

Covariation refers to the degree to which two variables are related or associated with each other. It does not necessarily imply causation. Therefore, option B is the correct choice. Option A implies causation, which may not always be the case. Option C is incorrect because covariation means that two variables are associated. Option D is also incorrect because covariation indicates that there is a relationship between the variables.

Question 10

An experimenter _____ the independent variable and _____ the dependent variable.
A) varies;manipulates
B) measures;varies
C) manipulates;measures
D) measures;manipulates

Accepted Answer

The experimenter manipulates the independent variable (the variable being tested) and measures the dependent variable (the variable being observed for changes as a result of the independent variable). Therefore, choice C is the correct answer.

Question 11

You are interested in investigating whether blondes really do have more fun.To do so,you ask a group of blondes and a group of brunettes to self-report on their level of fun.In this study,_____ would be considered the independent variable,whereas _____ would be considered the dependent variable.
A) amount of fun;hair color
B) hair color;age of the participants
C) amount of fun;number of participants in each condition
D) hair color;amount of fun

Accepted Answer

The independent variable is the variable that is being manipulated or changed in the study, which in this case is hair color. The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or observed in the study, which in this case is the level of fun reported by the participants. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 12

If you were conducting an experiment examining the impact of sleep deprivation on physical ability,which of the following would be an appropriate operational definition of sleep deprivation?
A) being without sleep for more than 24 hours
B) getting more than 8 hours of sleep the night before the study
C) participants' self-reported amount of sleep the night before
D) the average amount of sleep Americans get in a given night

Accepted Answer

Option A provides a clear and measurable definition of sleep deprivation, which is being without sleep for more than 24 hours. This operational definition is objective and easy to measure, making it appropriate for use in an experiment. The other options (B, C, and D) are not appropriate because they either do not clearly define sleep deprivation or are subjective and difficult to quantify.

Question 13

Which of the following requires examination using experimental research?
A) the effect of practice on performance
B) the relationship between height and weight
C) the role of gender on athleticism
D) the relationship between head circumference and intelligence

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following requires examination using...

Question 14

For a researcher to have confidence in his/her results,the level of internal validity should:
A) vary.
B) be high.
C) be low.
D) not matter.

Accepted Answer

High internal validity means that the research design has controlled for confounding variables and established that the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable is causal. This is essential for researchers to have confidence in their results. A low level of internal validity means that there may be alternative explanations for the results, reducing confidence in their accuracy. Therefore, a high level of internal validity is ideal.

Question 15

If Dr.Ryan,a social psychologist,was investigating the relationship between temperature and participants' moods,an example of an extraneous variable would be:
A) how hot it is in the study room.
B) how cold it is in the study room.
C) self-reports of how happy or sad one feels.
D) the time of day the study takes place.

Accepted Answer

Extraneous variables are those that are not the focus of the study but could affect its outcome. In this case, the time of day (D) could influence participants' moods independently of the temperature, making it an extraneous variable. Choices A and B are not extraneous because they directly relate to the independent variable (temperature), and C is related to the dependent variable (mood).

Question 16

Cause is to effect as the _____ is to _____.
A) control group: experimental group
B) dependent variable;independent variable
C) independent variable;dependent variable
D) experimental group: control group

Accepted Answer

Cause is the independent variable, which influences or causes changes in the dependent variable, the effect. Therefore, the relationship between cause and effect can be compared to the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

Question 17

Temporal precedence is established by showing that changes in the suspected cause occur _____ changes in the outcome.
A) before
B) at the same time as
C) after
D) regardless of

Accepted Answer

Temporal precedence means that the suspected cause occurs before the outcome. Therefore, option A - before - best describes the relationship between the cause and effect in terms of temporal precedence.

Question 18

Research has shown that bad weather puts people in a bad mood.In this experiment,which variable must have occurred first in order to ensure temporal precedence?
A) bad mood
B) bad weather
C) good mood
D) good weather

Accepted Answer

For temporal precedence to be established, the variable that is believed to cause the change must have occurred first. In this case, bad weather is the variable that is expected to cause a bad mood, therefore bad weather must have occurred first in order to establish temporal precedence.

Question 19

Imagine that you are studying the effect of sour tastes on the human salivation response.In designing this study,what are you likely to ask participants in your experimental condition to do?
A) taste something sweet
B) taste something sour
C) salivate
D) not salivate

Accepted Answer

In order to study the effect of sour tastes on the human salivation response, the participants in the experimental condition will need to taste something sour. This is the most relevant and necessary step in order to observe the salivary response to this particular taste.

A) asking participants to taste something sweet would not be relevant to the study of sour tastes and salivary response.

C) salivating is the result we are studying, so it cannot be asked of the participants to do.

D) Not salivating would not be a possible or practical task to ask of participants in this study, and it would not provide any relevant data on the salivary response to sour tastes.

Question 20

An important condition for establishing causation is covariation.This is:
A) a statistical measure of the magnitude of the difference between comparison groups.
B) the degree to which a study parallels the real world.
C) the degree to which researchers can rule out other possible causal explanations for an observed relationship.
D) when changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable.

Accepted Answer

Covariation is when changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable. This is an important condition for establishing causation because it suggests that the two variables are related and that one may be causing changes in the other. However, just because covariation exists, it does not necessarily mean that a causal relationship exists; other possible explanations must be ruled out.

Quiz 8: B: Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

If you are interested in determining whether fatigue causes negative mood,you would need to conduct a(n) :

Internal validity is a characteristic of which type of study?

A factor other than the intended treatment that may change the outcome variable is known as:

The _ experimental control a study has,the _ internal validity it has.

Compared with participants in the control condition,participants in the experimental condition should be:

Professor Carlson is interested in understanding whether uniform color impacts football players' performances.In his study,_ is manipulated and _ is measured.

For which of the following would using experimental research NOT be appropriate?

In an experiment examining whether pet ownership leads to greater life satisfaction,pets would be considered the _ variable,whereas life satisfaction would be considered the _ variable.

Covariation tells us:

An experimenter _ the independent variable and _ the dependent variable.

You are interested in investigating whether blondes really do have more fun.To do so,you ask a group of blondes and a group of brunettes to self-report on their level of fun.In this study,_ would be considered the independent variable,whereas _ would be considered the dependent variable.

If you were conducting an experiment examining the impact of sleep deprivation on physical ability,which of the following would be an appropriate operational definition of sleep deprivation?

Which of the following requires examination using experimental research?

For a researcher to have confidence in his/her results,the level of internal validity should:

If Dr.Ryan,a social psychologist,was investigating the relationship between temperature and participants' moods,an example of an extraneous variable would be:

Cause is to effect as the _ is to _.

Temporal precedence is established by showing that changes in the suspected cause occur _____ changes in the outcome.

Research has shown that bad weather puts people in a bad mood.In this experiment,which variable must have occurred first in order to ensure temporal precedence?

Imagine that you are studying the effect of sour tastes on the human salivation response.In designing this study,what are you likely to ask participants in your experimental condition to do?

An important condition for establishing causation is covariation.This is: