Question 1

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, at what age can infants' temperaments first be classified?

Accepted Answer

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, infants' temperaments can first be classified at 3 months of age.

Question 2

Research has found that a person's temperament is _____.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that a person's temperament is linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy, indicating a genetic component to one's temperament.

Question 3

Tiffany is 8 months old. Her mother and father don't get along well. There is often fighting in the house that frightens Tiffany. What effect might this environment have on her brain development?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus is involved in stress response and regulating the release of cortisol, a stress hormone. Chronic exposure to stress can lead to impaired hypothalamic development, which can have long-term effects on the body's stress response system.

Question 4

The emotions of shame, pride, and embarrassment require that a child first _____.

Accepted Answer

The emotions of shame, pride, and embarrassment require that a child first gains an awareness of other people. Without understanding that others may be observing and evaluating our actions, these emotions would not be possible. Developing long-term memory skills or experiencing punishment may contribute to the formation of these emotions, but they are not a prerequisite. Language is important for expressing these emotions, but it is not necessary for their initial formation.

Question 5

What is one of the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?

Accepted Answer

The New York Longitudinal Study suggests four categories of temperament: easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up, and mixed. "Slow-to-warm-up" is one of the four categories. Option A, C, and D are not categories suggested by the study.

Question 6

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, by approximately 3 months of age infants exhibit a wide enough variety of behaviors that they can be classified as one of _____ temperamental categories.

Accepted Answer

The New York Longitudinal Study identifies four temperamental categories based on infant behavior by approximately 3 months of age. These categories are: easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up, and mixed.

Question 7

Adam is playful, but sometimes moody; fussy but generally tolerant; and sometimes quiet, and other times boisterous. His temperament would be categorized as _____.

Accepted Answer

Adam's temperament seems to include characteristics of multiple categories, making it difficult to classify him as just one.

Question 8

Which specific part of the brain is responsible for emotional self-regulation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which specific part of the brain is...

Question 9

Regina is easily disturbed, unhappy, and cries a lot. The New York Longitudinal Study researchers would say that Regina's temperament is _____.

Accepted Answer

The given description suggests that Regina has a difficult temperament, which is marked by negative moods and behaviors, slow adaptability to new situations, and intense reactions to stimuli. The New York Longitudinal Study was a research project that identified various dimensions of temperament, including difficult temperament. Therefore, the best choice would be A) difficult. B) challenging is a similar option but not the best fit as it is not specific to the negative emotions and crying that are mentioned in the description. C) experiencing asynchrony and D) typical are not appropriate choices based on the given information.

Question 10

Jimmy's dad comes home from grocery shopping, sees Jimmy sitting on the sofa, and says, "Where's that boy of mine?" Jimmy gives his dad a smile that spreads across his entire face, and his dad responds with an exaggerated surprised look. This is an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of synchrony, which refers to the coordination of emotions and behaviors between individuals. In this case, Jimmy and his dad are exhibiting a matching display of happiness and surprise, which shows a synchronized emotional state.

Question 11

Synchrony depends on _____.

Accepted Answer

Synchrony refers to the interactional synchronicity between the caregiver and the infant. It is primarily dependent on the responsiveness and timing of the caregiver's interactions with the infant. Attention span and stable mood of the caregiver may impact these interactions, but they are not the primary determinants of synchrony. Breastfeeding may contribute to physical contact and bonding, but it is not directly related to synchrony.

Question 12

If we place a dot of rouge on a 20-month-old girl's nose and stand the child in front of a mirror, she may then touch her own nose. This proves that the child has some _____.

Accepted Answer

The fact that the child recognizes the dot on her own nose in the mirror and touches her own nose shows that she has self-awareness, which is the ability to recognize oneself as a distinct individual. This is a crucial milestone in the development of the self, which typically emerges in children between 18 and 24 months of age. Dynamic perception refers to the ability to perceive motion and change in the environment, while perceptual constancy is the ability to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite changes in sensory input. Social referencing refers to the ability to use others' emotions and reactions as cues for how to respond in ambiguous situations.

Question 13

Which boy is MOST likely to be strongly affected by his mother's responsiveness?

Accepted Answer

Children who are anxious and difficult are more likely to have a stronger attachment to their mothers and be more affected by their responsiveness. Easygoing children like Jerry may also be positively affected, but not to the same degree as anxious and difficult children. Hard-to-classify children and slow-to-warm-up children may be affected, but their temperament does not necessarily predict how strongly they will be impacted by their mother's responsiveness.

Question 14

Which 4-month-old girl's temperament is the MOST likely to change over time?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which 4-month-old girl's temperament is the MOST...

Question 15

Which statement about emotional development in toddlers is true?

Accepted Answer

Emotions like pride and humility are dependent on cultural values. While some cultures place a high value on expressing pride and achievement, others may encourage more modesty and humility.

Question 16

The crucial aspect of synchrony is _____.

Accepted Answer

Synchrony refers to the mutual and coordinated interaction between an infant and a caregiver. It involves a back-and-forth exchange of attention, response, and affect, rather than just one-sided imitation or observation.

Question 17

The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called _____.

Accepted Answer

Synchrony is the term used to describe the coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant, where they respond to each other's cues with a sense of rhythm and timing. Psychosocialization and symbiosis are not commonly used terms in developmental psychology, and interplay does not accurately capture the specific nature of this interaction.

Question 18

Researchers placed a dot of rouge on babies' noses and then had them look into a mirror. On average, at what age did most babies touch their own noses when they saw their reflection?

Accepted Answer

Most babies start to touch their own noses when they see the reflection at around 18 months of age, indicating the beginning of self-recognition.

Question 19

What are the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?

Accepted Answer

The New York Longitudinal Study suggests four categories of temperament: easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up, and hard-to-classify. Option A is incorrect as it includes "unregulated" which is not one of the categories. Option B is incorrect as it includes "insurgent" which is not a recognized category in the study. Option D is incorrect as it includes "mellow" and "tense" which do not align with the categories suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study.

Question 20

Emotional reactions, especially those connected to self-awareness, are partially dependent upon _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Emotional reactions, especially those connected to self-awareness,...

Quiz 7: Seciton 3: the First Two Years: Psychosocial Development