Question 1

Within the context of Maslow's hierarchy, people who feel good about themselves after they have received a good score on an exam are focused on a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, esteem needs refer to the desire for self-esteem, the respect of others, achievement, and confidence. People who feel good about themselves after receiving a good score on an exam are fulfilling their esteem needs as they believe they have achieved academic success, which gives them a boost in their self-esteem.

Question 2

The theories that have made us aware of the impact of early-childhood experiences, remembered or not, on development are _____ theories.

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theories, specifically those pioneered by Sigmund Freud, emphasize the importance of early childhood experiences, particularly in relation to the formation of the unconscious mind and psychological development. These experiences, whether remembered or not, can have lasting impacts on an individual's behavior and personality.

Question 3

The process by which living creatures (including people) adjust to their environment is referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

The process of living creatures adjusting to their environment is known as selective adaptation. This process involves individuals adapting to the demands and challenges of their environment in order to survive and thrive. It involves changes in behavior, physiology, and genetics over time as a result of environmental pressures. Reinforcement and conditioning are specific types of learning processes, while cognitive equilibrium refers to the balance between existing knowledge and new information.

Question 4

Carl Rogers, also a humanist, thought that people should give each other _____, which means that they should see each other with appreciation without conditions.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed that individuals should aim to provide each other with unconditional positive regard, meaning that they view each other in a positive light without any conditions or judgments. This can help foster a positive and supportive environment for personal growth and development.

Question 5

For centuries, men have needed women to be sexually faithful to ensure that her children are also his offspring. Which theory is most consistent with this explanation for faithfulness among romantic partners?

Accepted Answer

This explanation is most consistent with evolutionary theory, which suggests that the desire for sexual faithfulness is a biological adaptation to ensure the survival and reproduction of one's offspring.

Question 6

Critics of sociocultural theory argue that it is _____.

Accepted Answer

Critics of sociocultural theory argue that it neglects to consider the influence of individual choices and agency, suggesting that it reduces individuals to mere products of their environments and cultural contexts.

Question 7

According to evolutionary theory, why are so many people afraid of spiders?

Accepted Answer

According to evolutionary theory, a fear of spiders helped our ancestors survive millions of years ago when spiders were a real threat to survival. The instinctual fear of spiders was passed down through generations and is still a common fear among people today.

Question 8

Maslow said that one sign of self-actualization is that the person has a(n) _____ in which life is so intensely joyful that time stops and self-seeking disappears.

Accepted Answer

Maslow believed that a peak experience is a moment of extreme joy and self-transcendence in which time seems to stop or disappear. This is a sign of self-actualization, according to his theory.

Question 9

Chris is helpful and cooperative and takes care of his family and friends. Aaron is selfish and arrogant and puts his needs before his family and friends. Whose traits would likely be selected for future generations in order to meet the evolutionary goals of humans?

Accepted Answer

Chris's traits of being helpful and cooperative would likely be selected for future generations as these traits enhance social cohesion and increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction for the group as a whole. On the other hand, Aaron's selfish and arrogant traits may lead to social isolation and decrease the chances of survival for himself and his group.

Question 10

According to evolutionary theory, people _____.

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary theory posits that individuals are driven to survive and reproduce in order to pass on their genes. This drive impacts their motivations and behaviors. A, C, and D do not accurately reflect this basic tenet of evolutionary theory.

Question 11

According to Maslow, self-actualization is _____.

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-actualization is the highest level of need in which an individual seeks to fulfill their unique potential and achieve personal growth and fulfillment. It is beyond basic needs like physiological needs, safety, and respect.

Question 12

Critics of behaviorism argue that the theory _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Critics of behaviorism argue that the theory...

Question 13

The approach taken by most developmentalists, in which they apply aspects of each of the various theories of development rather than adhering exclusively to one theory, is referred to as the _____ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The eclectic perspective involves combining and applying aspects of different theories of development, rather than adhering exclusively to one theory. This approach allows for a more well-rounded understanding of development, taking into account diverse influences and factors. The other choices are not commonly used terms in developmental psychology.

Question 14

The theories that have brought an understanding of intellectual processes and how our thoughts and beliefs affect every aspect of our development are _____ theories.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theories focus specifically on how we think and process information, and how this affects our development. This includes theories such as Piaget's stages of cognitive development and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development. Therefore, option B is the best choice. Psychoanalytic theories (A) focus on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences, while sociocultural theories (C) emphasize the influence of culture and social interactions on development. Universal theories (D) attempt to provide a common framework for understanding all human behavior and development, but they do not focus specifically on intellectual processes.

Question 15

The theories that stress that human differences are less significant than shared characteristics are _____ theories.

Accepted Answer

Universal theories emphasize the commonalities and similarities between humans rather than highlighting differences based on race, gender, or other characteristics.

Question 16

_____ is when genes for traits that aid survival and reproduction are selected over time to allow the species to thrive.

Accepted Answer

The process described is natural selection, which is part of the theory of evolution. It occurs when certain traits or variations in a species provide an advantage in survival and reproduction, leading to those traits being passed on more frequently to future generations.

Question 17

Eli's parents caught him sneaking out of the house late at night. When discussing the incident, they acknowledge that his behavior was wrong but that they still love and cherish him as a son. Rogers would say that the parents are offering their son _____.

Accepted Answer

Unconditional positive regard is a key concept in Carl Rogers' humanistic theory of personality. It refers to accepting and valuing a person regardless of their behavior, while still acknowledging the behavior as wrong. Eli's parents are demonstrating unconditional positive regard by expressing their love and acceptance of him as a person, even though his behavior was not acceptable. Reinforcement, conditioning, and self-actualization opportunities are not relevant concepts in this scenario.

Question 18

The theories that have reminded us that development is embedded in a rich and multifaceted cultural context, evident in every social interaction, are _____ theories.

Accepted Answer

Sociocultural theories emphasize the importance of the social and cultural context in shaping development. They highlight the role of social interactions, cultural practices, and historical context in shaping individuals' cognitive, emotional, and behavioral development. Examples of sociocultural theories include Vygotsky's sociocultural theory and Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory.

Question 19

_____ has/have shown the effect that immediate response, associations, and examples have on learning, moment by moment and over time.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and the ways they're learned, including through immediate responses, associations (like classical and operant conditioning), and examples.

Quiz 2: Seciton 3: Beginnings: Theories of Development