Question 1

_______ is any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement is any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. It involves adding a desirable stimulus (e.g. reward) to strengthen a behavior. Positive punishment involves adding an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior. Negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior. Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.

Question 2

Many of risk factors in developing psychopathology in children or youth involve conditions over which the young person has

Accepted Answer

Many of the risk factors for psychopathology in children or youth are related to circumstances beyond their control such as poverty, family conflict, genetics, or traumatic events. While the other choices may be factors in some cases, they are not as consistently linked to the development of psychopathology as factors outside of the young person's control.

Question 3

Although legal consent to receive services is a necessary condition for treatment, it is

Accepted Answer

Legal consent is necessary to receive services, but it does not guarantee that the individual will cooperate with the treatment. Other factors such as motivation, trust, and rapport with the therapist can also influence a person's willingness to engage with therapy.

Question 4

Discipline includes:

Accepted Answer

Discipline encompasses both limit setting and mild sanctions as well as breaking behaviors into small sets to provide structure and guidance in correcting negative behaviors. Therefore, both options B and C are correct.

Question 5

In the treatment of adolescent depression, attention is also focused on interpersonal issues. Thus most effective treatments of childhood disorders fall under the umbrella of

Accepted Answer

The most effective treatments for childhood disorders, including adolescent depression, often involve behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, and interpersonal approaches. These methods focus on modifying behavior, thoughts, and interpersonal interactions to address and manage symptoms.

Question 6

Parent Management Training (PMT) is based on social learning theory and the assumption that

Accepted Answer

PMT is based on the assumption that oppositional behavior in children can be changed by modifying the social environment, rather than working directly with the child. This includes teaching parents how to interact with their child in a more positive way and providing them with effective parenting strategies to reduce negative behavior.

Question 7

Parent motivation seems to be a necessary condition for the young person to attend psychological services,

Accepted Answer

While parent motivation is important for a young person to attend psychological services, it is not enough for positive change to occur. The young person must also be receptive to receiving help and actively engaged in the therapeutic process. Additionally, the statement about parent motivation being the number one indicator of the child's future mental health is not supported by evidence. Age is irrelevant to the situation, so option D can be eliminated.

Question 8

Lists of rules that parents set for their children must be realistic, taking into account the child's

Accepted Answer

When setting rules for children, it's important to consider their developmental level, circumstances, and any special needs. This ensures that the rules are appropriate and achievable for the child, and helps to establish a positive relationship between the parent and child. Expectations and desires can also be taken into account, but they should not override the child's needs and abilities.

Question 9

Parents seeking mental health services for their children's oppositional behaviors often report that their interactions with their children are very negative. The list of potential social reinforcers is very long, and includes

Accepted Answer

All of the options (smiles, attention, verbal encouragement) are potential social reinforcers that can positively impact a child's behavior. Providing positive feedback and attention to desirable behaviors can help reinforce them, and should be a part of any treatment plan for oppositional behaviors.

Question 10

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) reflects a pattern of

Accepted Answer

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is characterized by negative, hostile, and disobedient behavior towards authority figures. This behavior is persistent and consistent, usually starting before the age of 8 years. Choice A includes battling with siblings or peers, which may not necessarily be present in ODD. Choice B mentions occasional aggressive behavior, which is not a consistent characteristic of ODD. Choice D includes progressively rude and violent behavior, which is not necessarily a symptom of ODD. Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 11

_______ implies that an evidence-based treatment yields equivalent results for ethnic minority youth, whereas _______ implies that the treatment is not as powerful when applied to ethnic minority youth and requires adaptation.

Accepted Answer

Ethnic invariance implies that an evidence-based treatment yields equivalent results for ethnic minority youth, indicating that the treatment is equally effective across different ethnic groups. Ethnic disparity, on the other hand, implies that the treatment is not as effective when applied to ethnic minority youth, suggesting that adaptations may be necessary to achieve similar outcomes as those seen in the majority population.

Question 12

According to parent management training, maladaptive patterns of parent-child interaction encourage

Accepted Answer

Parent management training posits that maladaptive patterns of parent-child interaction can encourage both parents and children to engage in inappropriate behaviors, as these patterns often involve negative reinforcement cycles that exacerbate problematic behaviors in both parties.

Question 13

Jorge, a minor, generally understood the nature of his problems and was not willing to be involved in any treatment aimed at ameliorating his distress. The psychologist explained both the likely benefits of therapy and the likely prognosis if his problems went untreated. Again, Jorge understood these things. According to the laws regarding competency to consent to health services in the jurisdiction, the psychologist had no choice but to

Accepted Answer

The psychologist cannot force treatment on Jorge without his consent. However, the psychologist can explain to the parents Jorge's refusal to engage in treatment and discuss alternative options, such as finding a different mental health professional who may be better able to engage Jorge in treatment.

Question 14

Oppositional defiant disorder is less severe than

Accepted Answer

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) involves a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and/or vindictiveness. While it can cause significant impairment in functioning and relationships, it is generally considered less severe than conduct disorder (CD), which involves more serious violations of rules and the rights of others (e.g. physical aggression, theft, destruction of property). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and insomnia are not related to ODD, and while parental psychosis could potentially exacerbate a child's behavioral difficulties, it is not a separate diagnostic category.

Question 15

Children and youth rarely refer themselves for psychological services Instead, young people are brought for psychological services by adults who

Accepted Answer

Children and youth are often unaware or hesitant to seek out psychological services on their own, so it is typically adults who recognize concerning behavior and bring them in for support and treatment.

Question 16

There can be poor agreement between parents and youth about the goals for psychological services. Typically, the

Accepted Answer

Youth may not recognize that they have a problem and may resist seeking help or participating in therapy. This can cause disagreement with parents who may recognize the problem and want their child to seek help.

Question 17

Parents must establish simple rules on which they agree and which they are willing to impose consistently. Rules for child behavior are basic guidelines about daily living, including the

Accepted Answer

Rules for child behavior often include responsibilities and chores, limits on snack food, and guidelines on acceptable television content, rather than focusing solely on academic performance or specific daily routines.

Question 18

Five parenting practices that are associated with the development of prosocial behavior:

Accepted Answer

Skill encouragement, discipline, monitoring, problem-solving, and positive involvement are all important practices that have been associated with the development of prosocial behavior in children. Skill encouragement involves teaching children social and emotional skills, such as empathy, problem-solving, and conflict resolution. Discipline provides clear guidance on appropriate behavior and consequences for inappropriate behavior. Monitoring involves keeping an eye on children's behavior and intervening when necessary. Problem-solving helps children learn to resolve conflicts in a non-aggressive way. Positive involvement includes spending quality time with children, showing interest in their activities, and providing emotional support. Strict bed-time and selective punishment are not necessarily associated with the development of prosocial behavior.

Question 19

A coercive exchange is when a parent

Accepted Answer

A coercive exchange involves an unintentional reinforcement of negative behaviors. When a parent gives in to a child's whining or aggression, the child learns that these behaviors are effective ways to get what they want. Similarly, the parent is 'rewarded' when the child stops the negative behavior as a result of the parent giving in, reinforcing the cycle.

Question 20

_______ constitutes the most common reason for which adults refer children and youth for mental health services.

Accepted Answer

Disruptive behavior is the most common reason for which adults refer children and youth for mental health services. This can include behavior such as noncompliance, aggression, and other types of acting out in various settings.

Quiz 13: Intervention: Children and Adolescents