Question 1

Some of the earliest research on the fetal origins theory took place in
A)France.
B)South Africa.
C)Japan.
D)the Netherlands.

Accepted Answer

The earliest research on the fetal origins theory took place in the Netherlands by Dutch researcher David Barker, who first proposed the theory in the 1980s.

Question 2

Which of the following is FALSE concerning research conducted on subjects born during weather- and war-related famines in Africa?
A)Cardiovascular disease is now the second leading cause of death in adults.
B)One-half of the cardiovascular deaths in the sub-Saharan population are among adults 30 to 69 years old.
C)Infectious disease accounts for the majority of deaths.
D)Low birth weight is associated with higher blood pressure in childhood and adolescence.

Accepted Answer

The statement "Infectious disease accounts for the majority of deaths" is false. Research on subjects born during famines in Africa has shown that cardiovascular disease is now the second leading cause of death in adults, with one-half of the cardiovascular deaths in the sub-Saharan population occurring among adults between 30 and 69 years old. Low birth weight is also associated with higher blood pressure in childhood and adolescence.

Question 3

The negative impact of fetal exposure to malnutrition is worsened if followed by low nutrient intakes shortly after birth.

Accepted Answer

False

Question 4

The offspring of mothers who experienced low pregnancy weight gain have an increased risk of obesity in adulthood.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that offspring of mothers who had low pregnancy weight gain have a higher risk of obesity in adulthood, possibly due to fetal programming and changes in metabolism.

Question 5

Research suggests that there are lifelong consequences to any type of nutrient imbalance during pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

Nutrient imbalances during pregnancy have been linked to various complications such as birth defects, cognitive impairments, and chronic diseases later in life. Hence, it is crucial to maintain a balanced and healthy diet during pregnancy for the well-being of both the mother and the child.

Question 6

Which of the following birth defects has NOT been linked to maternal obesity?
A)neural tube defects
B)cleft palate
C)heart defects
D)developmental delays

Accepted Answer

Neural tube defects, cleft palate, and heart defects have all been linked to maternal obesity, but there is currently no evidence linking developmental delays to maternal obesity.

Question 7

The process by which a fetus's metabolism, hormone production, and other physiological processes shift in response to inadequate energy intake during pregnancy is called the
A)fetal adaptation theory.
B)fetal response theory.
C)fetal mutation theory.
D)fetal modification theory.

Accepted Answer

The process described in the question is known as fetal adaptation theory. This theory suggests that fetal metabolism, hormone production, and other physiological processes may adapt to an inadequate energy supply during pregnancy in order to promote survival and optimize development. This can have long-lasting effects on the health of the offspring, including an increased risk of metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes later in life.

Question 8

Poor maternal intake of calcium increases the risk of what disease in the adult offspring?
A)osteoporosis
B)colon cancer
C)hypertension
D)obesity

Accepted Answer

The answer of Poor maternal intake of calcium increases the...

Question 9

Studies have shown that the higher the body mass index is in childhood the greater the risk of developing insulin resistance in adulthood.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Several studies have found that higher body mass index (BMI) in childhood is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Insulin resistance is a key component of metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and other chronic conditions.

Question 10

According to certain studies, exposure of a fetus to famine in the first trimester of pregnancy can result in high risk for the development of what disease in adulthood?
A)osteoporosis
B)celiac disease
C)metabolic syndrome
D)colon cancer

Accepted Answer

Exposure to famine during the first trimester of pregnancy has been shown to increase the risk for metabolic syndrome in adulthood. This may be due to epigenetic changes that occur during fetal development in response to nutrient scarcity.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a risk in the offspring of women who smoke during pregnancy?
A)osteoporosis
B)hypertension
C)childhood allergies
D)respiratory diseases

Accepted Answer

Osteoporosis is not a risk in offspring of women who smoke during pregnancy. However, hypertension, childhood allergies, and respiratory diseases are all known risks associated with smoking during pregnancy.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is F regarding the consequences of the following maternal nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy?
A)Poor maternal intake of calcium during pregnancy results in a high risk of hypertension in offspring.
B)Poor maternal intake of folate during pregnancy is linked to the development of neural tube defects.
C)Low maternal intake of DHA and omega-3 fatty acid during pregnancy is associated with developmental delays in children.
D)Maternal zinc deficiency has no known consequences in adult offspring.

Accepted Answer

Maternal zinc deficiency can lead to various adverse outcomes, including impaired immune function and growth retardation in offspring, and it may have long-term effects on health.

Question 13

The fetal adaptation theory indicates that a fetus exposed to starvation or malnutrition goes into a survival mode. Which of the following is NOT a fetal physiological response in this situation?
A)The production of hormones shifts to promote energy storage.
B)The activity of enzymes may increase or decrease.
C)There may be changes in the expression of certain genes.
D)The size and function of body organs, such as liver or kidneys, does not change.

Accepted Answer

The size and function of body organs can change in response to fetal adaptation. For example, the liver may increase in size and produce more glucose to support fetal growth and development.

Question 14

Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the fetus only during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the fetus throughout the entire pregnancy. It can lead to low birth weight, premature birth, stillbirth, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and other complications. Smoking during pregnancy should be avoided completely.

Question 15

Research has shown that there is no association between fetal exposure to famine and future risk of chronic disease.

Accepted Answer

Research has actually shown an association between fetal exposure to famine and future risk of chronic disease, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes.

Quiz 30: the Fetal Environment: a Lasting Impression

Some of the earliest research on the fetal origins theory took place in

Which of the following is FALSE concerning research conducted on subjects born during weather- and war-related famines in Africa?

The negative impact of fetal exposure to malnutrition is worsened if followed by low nutrient intakes shortly after birth.

The offspring of mothers who experienced low pregnancy weight gain have an increased risk of obesity in adulthood.

Research suggests that there are lifelong consequences to any type of nutrient imbalance during pregnancy.

Which of the following birth defects has NOT been linked to maternal obesity?

The process by which a fetus's metabolism, hormone production, and other physiological processes shift in response to inadequate energy intake during pregnancy is called the

Poor maternal intake of calcium increases the risk of what disease in the adult offspring?

Studies have shown that the higher the body mass index is in childhood the greater the risk of developing insulin resistance in adulthood.

According to certain studies, exposure of a fetus to famine in the first trimester of pregnancy can result in high risk for the development of what disease in adulthood?

Which of the following is NOT a risk in the offspring of women who smoke during pregnancy?

Which of the following statements is F regarding the consequences of the following maternal nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy?

The fetal adaptation theory indicates that a fetus exposed to starvation or malnutrition goes into a survival mode. Which of the following is NOT a fetal physiological response in this situation?

Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the fetus only during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Research has shown that there is no association between fetal exposure to famine and future risk of chronic disease.