Question 1

conducted a study in which he told college students during a demonstration that hypnotized participants usually experience stiffening of the muscles in the dominant hand,even though this rarely occurs.When students who had heard this were later hypnotized themselves,55 percent of them showed hand-stiffening,while the percentage of the participants in a control group who knew nothing about hand stiffening was ___________ percent.

Accepted Answer

The control group knew nothing about hand stiffening, so they would not have been influenced by the suggestion given to the other group. Therefore, the percentage of participants in the control group who showed hand stiffening would be zero.

Question 2

found that when actually exposed to a toxic leaf that they were told was harmless,hypnotized participants responded with no allergic reaction.Nonhypnotized participants who were also told that the leaf was harmless _____________ allergic reaction.

Accepted Answer

Hypnotized participants responded with no allergic reaction, so nonhypnotized participants who were also told that the leaf was harmless would also show no allergic reaction.

Question 3

A construct that is central to psychologist Ernest Hilgard's dissociation theory of hypnosis is _____________ is.

Accepted Answer

The "hidden observer" is a construct in Hilgard's dissociation theory of hypnosis which suggests that there is a hidden part of the mind that continues to observe and process information even while a person is hypnotized and unaware of their surroundings. This concept supports Hilgard's belief that hypnosis involves a dissociation or splitting of consciousness.

Question 4

Which of the following statements regarding the pain-reducing effects of hypnosis is true?

Accepted Answer

Psychologists have not pinpointed a single, specific mechanism through which hypnosis reduces pain. The effectiveness of hypnosis in pain management is recognized, but the exact processes—whether they involve endorphin release, reduction in anxiety, muscular relaxation, or other factors—are not fully understood. This complexity reflects the multifaceted nature of pain perception and the psychological and physiological components of hypnosis.

Question 5

According to this theory,hypnosis is not a special state of consciousness but is instead the product of personal expectations and role-playing.This interpretation is the __________________.

Accepted Answer

The description of hypnosis being the product of personal expectations and role-playing aligns with the social-cognitive theory, therefore the correct choice is D. The divided awareness theory suggests that hypnosis involves the splitting of consciousness, the Freudian theory focuses on unconscious thoughts and conflicts, and the dissociation theory proposes that hypnosis involves a separation of different aspects of consciousness.

Question 6

A psychologist attempts to explain the perceived involuntary quality of hypnosis by arguing that during hypnosis,awareness is divided.Furthermore,during hypnosis,the main stream of consciousness is separated from the hidden aspect of consciousness that is aware of everything that happens or goes on.This interpretation is most consistent with:

Accepted Answer

The explanation given aligns with the dissociation theory of hypnosis, which suggests that hypnosis involves a split in conscious awareness.

Question 7

Research on pain reduction techniques has found that hypnosis:

Accepted Answer

Research has found that hypnosis is an effective treatment for pain, and its effectiveness is not due to a placebo effect. Studies have shown that hypnosis can reduce pain intensity, decrease the need for pain medication, and improve overall quality of life for individuals with chronic pain. It is believed that hypnosis works by altering the perception of pain and reducing anxiety and stress related to pain.

Question 8

Experiments designed to examine the effectiveness of various treatments for pain have found that:

Accepted Answer

Experiments have found that both hypnosis and other psychological techniques such as imagery are effective at reducing pain.

Question 9

Research in the area of forensic psychology has found that hypnosis is not a reliable way to enhance memory and that hypnotized participants typically remember information _________ nonhypnotized participants who are asked to use imagery or other memory tricks to facilitate recall.

Accepted Answer

Research studies have shown that hypnosis does not reliably enhance memory and that individuals tend to remember information less well under hypnosis compared to nonhypnotized individuals who use other memory techniques, such as imagery or repetition. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer.

Question 10

Research on hypnosis has found that:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that nonhypnotized people can do many of the same things that hypnotized people do, suggesting that hypnosis is not a unique state of consciousness. However, hypnosis has been found to be effective in reducing pain, anxiety, and smoking cessation, among other things. A and B are incorrect as hypnosis has been found to affect vision and allergies in some cases. D is incorrect as there is evidence that hypnosis can make people perform dangerous or harmful acts if the hypnotist provides suggestions that go against the subject's moral or ethical principles.

Question 11

In hypnosis studies examining pain tolerance,when hypnotized participants are asked if there is another part of them that is more aware than their hypnotized part,this "hidden observer" typically reports experiencing:

Accepted Answer

The "hidden observer" phenomenon, as described by Ernest Hilgard, suggests that a part of the hypnotized individual's consciousness remains aware of pain and other sensations, but is detached from the immediate experience. When this "hidden observer" is accessed, it often reports experiencing more pain than the hypnotized consciousness indicates, suggesting a dissociation within the individual's awareness during hypnosis.

Question 12

Hawkley's teacher told him that he would have more success with meditation if he could learn to let his thoughts come and go without effort.His teacher was a follower of the _________ technique.

Accepted Answer

The technique described by Hawkley's teacher, where one learns to let thoughts come and go without effort, is a key aspect of mindfulness meditation. Concentrated and concentrative techniques typically involve maintaining focus on a single object or thought, while attentiveness is a more general term not specifically related to meditation.

Question 13

Research on hypnosis has revealed that:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the effects of hypnosis are not magical or supernatural, but rather due to social influence and suggestibility. People in hypnosis are not actually under the control of the hypnotist and can choose not to follow suggestions. Hypnosis may also work better for some individuals than others, with approximately 10-15% being highly susceptible, 10-15% being not susceptible at all, and the majority falling somewhere in between.

Question 14

In order to manage the chronic pain Sarah lives with as a result of a skiing accident,she undergoes hypnosis.The hypnosis is supposed to increase her pain tolerance as measured by the amount of pain medications she uses before and after the hypnosis.Sure enough,Sarah reports the level of pain she experiences has decreased and the pain medication she requires is reduced after just a few hypnotic sessions.Which of the following is NOT true of this result?

Accepted Answer

While the placebo effect can contribute to pain reduction, in this scenario, the use of hypnosis is a legitimate and proven method for increasing pain tolerance and reducing the need for pain medication. Therefore, it is not solely due to the placebo effect.

Question 15

The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis asserts that:

Accepted Answer

The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis posits that hypnotic effects are largely due to personal expectations, such as the belief that hypnosis will produce a particular outcome. This theory suggests that hypnosis is not a unique state of consciousness, but rather a form of social influence in which the hypnotist uses suggestions to shape the expectations and experiences of the participant.

Question 16

When asked to report from a part of themselves that is more aware than their hypnotized part,participants typically report experiencing more pain than under standard hypnotic procedures.This result is most consistent with which theory of hypnosis?

Accepted Answer

This result is most consistent with the dissociation theory of hypnosis, which suggests that hypnosis involves a split in consciousness where a person's awareness is divided into two parts - the hypnotized part and a part that remains aware of their surroundings. The part that remains aware is able to report on sensations and experiences that the hypnotized part cannot access, which may include increased pain experiences.

Question 17

Dissociation theories of hypnosis are to social cognitive theories of hypnosis as:

Accepted Answer

Dissociation theories of hypnosis suggest a division of consciousness or awareness, while social cognitive theories emphasize the role of expectations in the hypnotic experience.

Question 18

Psychologists that believe that there is a technique that creates a division of consciousness where a hypnotized individual experiences two simultaneous streams of consciousness that are separate from one another adhere to the ______________ of hypnosis.

Accepted Answer

The dissociation theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis creates a division of consciousness where the hypnotized individual experiences two simultaneous streams of consciousness that are separate from one another. This theory is supported by psychologists such as Ernest Hilgard.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis?

Accepted Answer

The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis posits that hypnotic effects are primarily the result of individuals adopting and strongly identifying with a role that they expect to play while in hypnosis. This role immersion is thought to be facilitated by both the hypnotist's suggestions and the individual's own beliefs and expectations about hypnosis. Therefore, choice B, which highlights the importance of role immersion and expectation-based processes, is most consistent with this theory. The other options (A, C, and D) do not align as closely with the social-cognitive theory.

Question 20

Research on hypnosis has suggested that hypnotized participants may be induced to perform sometimes dangerous and out-of-character acts because:

Accepted Answer

Hypnotized participants may be induced to perform sometimes dangerous and out-of-character acts because they are responding to a perceived authority in a legitimate context. The hypnotist is seen as an authority figure and the hypnotic context is seen as a legitimate one, which can influence the participant's behavior.

Quiz 6: States of Consciousness