Question 1

Studies suggest that infants from low-income families who receive high-quality daycare have better social adjustment and perform better in school than children who receive ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The studies suggest that infants from low-income families who receive high-quality daycare have better outcomes compared to those who receive no daycare at all. Therefore, option A is the most logical choice.

Question 2

A child has low self-esteem,is not very popular with her peers,and is not doing very well in school,but shows no signs of any aggressive or impulsive behaviour.These are all adjustment outcomes associated with the ______________ style of parenting.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A child has low self-esteem,is not very...

Question 3

Which of the following statements concerning gender constancy and gender identity is true?

Accepted Answer

Gender identity, the recognition and personal acknowledgment of one’s own gender, typically emerges by the age of 2 or 3 years old. Gender constancy, the understanding that one's gender remains the same across time and situations, develops later, usually around the age of 6 or 7.

Question 4

Abby is three years-old.Abby and her mother meet friends for lunch at a neighbourhood coffee shop.In the coffee shop the owner has designated a children's play area,there are many toy trucks,cars,and several dolls to play with.Research on the development of sex-typing indicates that Abby most likely:

Accepted Answer

Research on the development of sex-typing suggests that children as young as three years old are already developing a sense of gender identity and may prefer toys considered to be stereotypically associated with their own gender. Abby may therefore choose to play with the doll because she already associates it with being a "girl's toy."

Question 5

Infants in daycare programs are often found to be slightly less engaged and sociable towards their mothers.Studies suggest that these behaviours appear to have ___________ relation to children's attachments with their mothers.

Accepted Answer

The passage states that there is "no relation" between these behaviours and children's attachments with their mothers. Therefore, option C is the correct choice.

Question 6

Which of the following statements regarding the potential impact of daycare is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Research has found that when high-quality daycare is provided, there is no negative impact on infants' attachments to their parents. However, if multiple negative factors such as low-quality care, long hours, and insensitive parenting are present, it may have a negative effect on the child's attachment. Additionally, research has shown that children from lower-income families may actually benefit more from high-quality daycare, as it can provide them with opportunities for social and cognitive stimulation that they may not receive at home.

Question 7

A father believes that certain behaviours are more appropriate for boys than for girls.His wife has heard him share these beliefs and she wonders whether they are partly responsible for the fact that he relates differently to his son,with whom he tends to use more verbal and physical prohibition than he does with his daughter.In this example,the father's beliefs would be examples of ____________,while the fact that he treats his children differently depending on their gender demonstrates the concept of ______________.

Accepted Answer

The father's belief that certain behaviors are more appropriate for boys than for girls represents sex-role stereotypes. The fact that he treats his children differently depending on their gender demonstrates sex typing, which is the process of acquiring behaviors, attitudes, and values deemed appropriate for males or females in a particular culture. Gender identities refer to one's sense of self as male or female, while gender constancies refer to the understanding that one's gender remains the same over time and across situations. Therefore, options A, B, and D are incorrect.

Question 8

Robert and Chris have recently married,and Robert brings with him two children from a previous marriage.Studies suggest that Robert's kids will show the highest levels of adjustment if:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that in stepfamilies, children tend to have the most positive adjustment when the biological parent takes primary responsibility for discipline, and the stepparent supports their authority. This allows the stepparent to build a positive relationship with the stepchild without taking on the role of disciplinarian too early on. It is important for the biological parent to maintain a sense of continuity and consistency in their parenting style, which can help their children feel secure in the midst of big changes.

Question 9

Which of the following statements concerning divorce is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that while divorce can be associated with short- and long-term negative outcomes for children, the majority of children from divorced families develop normally. They may experience temporary difficulties immediately following the divorce, but most are resilient and adapt well over time. It is important to note that there is no one-size-fits-all outcome for children of divorce and each child's experience will be unique.

Question 10

The most negative developmental outcomes are associated with which of the following parenting styles?

Accepted Answer

Neglectful parenting, also known as uninvolved parenting, is associated with the most negative developmental outcomes for children. Neglectful parents provide little emotional support or supervision, and are not responsive to their child's needs. This can lead to feelings of insecurity, low self-esteem, and behavioral problems in children.

Question 11

A couple with three kids is considering divorce,but is wondering if they should remain together for the sake of their children.Research suggests that the most important factor that they should take into consideration is:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the amount of conflict in a relationship is the most important factor to consider when deciding whether to stay together for the sake of the children. If the parents' relationship is high in conflict, it may be better for the children in the long run to separate and create a more peaceful environment for them. Age of the children and length of the marriage may also play a role in the decision, but they are not the most significant factors. Adultery may be a contributing factor to the conflict, but it is not the determining factor.

Question 12

A 5-year-old boy tells his mother that it is fine for boys to play baseball,but not to wear a dress or play with dolls.These beliefs are best classified as examples of:

Accepted Answer

The boy's beliefs reflect societal expectations and assumptions about what behaviors and activities are appropriate for boys and girls, based on their gender. These expectations represent sex-role stereotypes, which are arbitrary beliefs and attitudes about masculinity and femininity that are culturally determined.

Question 13

Rob is a fifteen year-old boy who is planning an overnight camping trip with both male and female friends.The last step in the planning is for Rob to ask his parents' permission to go camping.If Rob's parents have an authoritarian style of parenting,Rob can expect their response to be:

Accepted Answer

Authoritarian parents are known for being strict, using a high level of control, and often providing little to no explanation for their decisions beyond asserting their authority. Therefore, a response like "No, because we said so!" aligns with the characteristics of authoritarian parenting.

Question 14

Ned is growing up in a family where his parents provide him with a great deal of warmth and he feels that he has very close relationships with both of his parents.In terms of discipline,his parents are relatively lax and allow him to do as he pleases.As a result,Ned is somewhat immature and self-centered.Baumrind would most likely classify Ned's parents as using a(n)___________ parenting style.

Accepted Answer

Baumrind would most likely classify Ned's parents as using an indulgent parenting style. Indulgent parents provide a great deal of warmth and closeness to their children, but are relatively lax in terms of discipline, allowing their children to do as they please. This can lead to children who are immature and self-centered, as Ned is described as being.

Question 15

Results from a study examining the effect of different types of after-school care on children's psychological adjustment found that:

Accepted Answer

The study found that quality of family experience was more important in predicting children's psychological adjustment than the type of after-school care they received. This suggests that a supportive and nurturing family environment may have a stronger impact on a child's well-being than the type of after-school care they receive.

Question 16

Louise who is at a middle-income socio-economically,has carefully chosen a high-quality daycare for her new baby.She knows that overall,daycare will not hurt her attachment with her infant.In fact,Louise learns that:

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that a child's social adjustment is more influenced by the quality of their family relationships than the amount of time spent in daycare.

Question 17

According to research conducted on Baumrind's parenting styles,the one that is associated with the most positive childhood outcomes is the ____________ style.

Accepted Answer

Baumrind's research suggests that the authoritative parenting style, which is characterized by high levels of warmth and responsiveness as well as reasonable levels of control and expectations, is associated with positive childhood outcomes such as better academic achievement, social competence, and emotional regulation. In contrast, the authoritarian style tends to be linked with anxiety, low self-esteem, and aggression, while the neglectful and indulgent styles have their own negative consequences for children's development.

Question 18

The findings of the six-month longitudinal study conducted by McKim at the University of Saskatchewan that compared groups of infants cared for in another woman's home,a daycare centre,and in their own homes found that:

Accepted Answer

The study found that the type and quality of care were not related to infants' security of attachment, meaning that whether infants were cared for in another woman's home, a daycare centre, or their own homes did not make a difference in their attachment security. The other options are incorrect, as the study found no support for age of entry, amount of time spent in care, or extensive out-of-home care being related to infants' attachment security.

Question 19

The understanding that gender is a permanent characteristic and it usually develops in children by the time they are 6 or 7 years old is referred to as _____________ .

Accepted Answer

Gender constancy is the understanding that gender is a permanent characteristic and usually develops in children by the time they are 6 or 7 years old. This means that a child recognizes that their gender does not change based on superficial characteristics or external factors. Gender identity refers to the internal sense of being male or female, while gender typing is the process by which children learn appropriate gender roles and behaviors. Gender fixedness is not a recognized term in the field of psychology.

Question 20

Recent studies indicate that children from divorced families are more likely to suffer from all of the following problems EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Recent studies have shown that while children from divorced families may face a variety of challenges, including higher divorce rates as adults, increased likelihood of dropping out of school, and a greater chance of becoming unmarried teen parents, there is not a direct, consistent link established between coming from a divorced family and having a criminal record. The other options (A, B, C) are supported by research findings, but the correlation between parental divorce and criminal behavior in children is less clear and not as strongly supported by evidence.

Quiz 11: Motivation and Emotion