Question 1

Tia wants to be the governor for her state. In all her television ads she plays patriotic music and has the American flag displayed in the background. If voters develop positive feelings toward Tia as a result of these ads, those positive feelings would represent

Accepted Answer

The positive feelings toward Tia that result from the patriotic music and American flag in her ads represent a conditioned response, as they are a learned reaction to the stimuli presented in her ads. An unconditioned response is a natural, reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus (such as blinking in response to a puff of air in the eye), which is not the case in this scenario. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement involve the strengthening of behaviors through rewards or the removal of negative stimuli, respectively, and are not relevant to this question.

Question 2

An animal will give a conditioned response to a stimulus that has never been associated with the presentation of the original US in both

Accepted Answer

The answer of An animal will give a conditioned response...

Question 3

A researcher reinforces closer and closer approximations to a target behavior. What is the name of the procedure she is using?

Accepted Answer

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations to a target behavior until the final target behavior is achieved. This is done by gradually reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the target behavior.

Question 4

Businesses often provide good meals and pleasant surroundings when initially meeting with new clients. In these situations, clients may develop positive feelings toward their business host and the company he or she represents. If this occurs, then the pleasant surroundings have functioned as

Accepted Answer

The answer of Businesses often provide good meals and pleasant...

Question 5

A political candidate uses a negative campaign commercial in which the candidate's opponent is shown alongside a negative image of an angry mob. The intent of the commercial is to cause voters to

Accepted Answer

The intent of the commercial is to associate the opponent with a negative emotional response, in this case, an angry mob. This is a common tactic used in negative campaigning to sway voters away from the opponent.

Question 6

In classical conditioning the response is ____, while in operant conditioning the response is ____.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, a response is elicited or triggered by a previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with a biologically significant stimulus (e.g. Pavlov's dogs salivating at the sound of a bell). In contrast, in operant conditioning, the response is emitted or performed voluntarily by the organism, and is typically shaped or reinforced by its consequences (e.g. a rat pressing a lever to receive a food reward). Therefore, the best answer is C - the response is elicited in classical conditioning and emitted in operant conditioning.

Question 7

Sally developed a fear of balconies after almost falling from a balcony on a couple of occasions. What was the conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response is the learned response that occurs as a result of the conditioned stimulus (the balcony). In this case, Sally's learned response is the fear of the balcony, which is the result of almost falling from it. Therefore, the best choice is B - fear of the balcony.

Question 8

Marvin creates a television ad that alternates between images of garbage dumps and people drinking in a bar. He is hoping that people who watch the ad will develop negative feelings toward drinking after seeing these ads. In Marvin's ad the conditioned stimulus would be

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is the image of people drinking in a bar, as Marvin hopes to associate this image with negative feelings in the viewer. The garbage dumps serve as an unconditioned stimulus, which is paired with the conditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response (disgust toward drinking). However, the garbage dumps themselves are not the conditioned stimulus as they are not directly associated with the desired response.

Question 9

Research into signal relations, response-outcome relations, and observational learning all emphasize

Accepted Answer

Research into signal relations, response-outcome relations, and observational learning all emphasize the role of cognitive processes in learning. These forms of learning involve more complex cognitive processes than simple associative learning, highlighting the importance of cognitive factors in understanding human learning.

Question 10

The advertising industry often attempts to manipulate consumers so that they will have positive associations with their company's product by applying the principles of

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is the process of learning where a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally triggers that response. Advertising often attempts to create positive associations with products by pairing them with images or experiences that elicit positive feelings in consumers, with the hope that these positive associations will transfer to the product itself.

Question 11

____ is to operant conditioning as ____ is to classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner is most closely associated with operant conditioning, which is based on the idea that behavior is shaped by consequences. Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with classical conditioning, which is based on the association between a neutral stimulus and a natural response.

Question 12

In Pavlov's original demonstration of classical conditioning, salivation to the bell was the:

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the conditioned response is the learned response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus. In Pavlov's experiment, salivation to the bell was the conditioned response because it was a learned response that was elicited by the conditioned stimulus (the bell).

Question 13

Bette creates a television ad that alternates between images of garbage dumps and people drinking in a bar. She is hoping that people who watch the ad will develop negative feelings toward drinking. Bette is relying on

Accepted Answer

Bette is using classical conditioning by pairing the negative image of garbage dumps with the behavior of drinking in a bar, in order to elicit a negative emotional response towards drinking.

Question 14

When the US is removed and the CS is presented alone for a period of time, what will occur?

Accepted Answer

When the US is removed and the CS is presented alone for a period of time, the response to the CS will weaken and eventually disappear, which is known as extinction.

Question 15

If you devise a self-modification program in which you systematically reward yourself for studying, you are applying the principles of

Accepted Answer

The principles of operant conditioning involve systematically rewarding oneself for desired behavior, such as studying. Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning involves pairing stimuli together to create a learned response, and observational learning involves learning through observing others. None of these principles fully capture the idea of a self-modification program with rewards.

Question 16

Alan creates a television ad that alternates between images of garbage dumps and people drinking in a bar. If people develop negative feelings about drinking as a result of watching Alan's ad, those negative feelings would represent

Accepted Answer

The negative feelings about drinking in response to the television ad would be a conditioned response. This is because the ad is pairing the sight of people drinking with negative images of garbage dumps, which is creating a learned association in the viewer's mind. They are now conditioned to feel negatively towards drinking, even if they previously did not hold those feelings.

Question 17

Classical conditioning is to the autonomic nervous system as ____ is to the somatic nervous system.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a type of learning that involves the automatic (involuntary) responses of the autonomic nervous system, such as the digestive, immune, and cardiovascular systems. Operant conditioning, on the other hand, involves the voluntary movements and behaviors of the somatic nervous system, such as skeletal muscle movements.

Question 18

Stimulus discrimination is to stimulus generalization as reinforcement is to

Accepted Answer

Stimulus discrimination and stimulus generalization are both concepts related to how organisms respond to stimuli based on their similarities and differences. Reinforcement is a concept related to how behavior is maintained and strengthened by consequences. Punishment, on the other hand, is a concept related to how behavior is weakened or suppressed by consequences. None of the other answer choices are directly related to reinforcement, making C) the best answer.

Question 19

It often helps an individual comply with a behavior modification program if he signs a written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program. This type of agreement is referred to as a(n)

Accepted Answer

The term used to describe a written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to behavior modification program contingencies is a behavioral contract. The other options given in the question (reinforcement contract, operant agreement, behavior modification agreement) are not commonly used terms in the field of behavior modification.

Question 20

Sally developed a fear of balconies from almost falling. Although she has had no dangerous experiences on bridges, cliffs, and the view from tall buildings, she now fears these stimuli as well. Which of the following is likely to have produced a fear of these other stimuli?

Accepted Answer

The fear of balconies has likely generalized to other stimuli, including bridges, cliffs, and tall buildings. Generalization occurs when a response to a specific stimulus spreads to other, similar stimuli.

Quiz 12: Learning Part 2