Question 1

Correlation research, using self-report data, has investigated the link between sleep duration and mortality risk. The two key findings are: people who consistently sleep less than seven hours exhibit ____ mortality risk; people who consistently sleep more than eight hours exhibit ____ mortality risk.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that both short sleep duration (less than seven hours) and long sleep duration (more than eight hours) are associated with increased mortality risk.

Question 2

While serving as a subject at a sleep clinic, Erica is deprived of dreaming for several nights. As a result, she is likely to

Accepted Answer

REM rebound is a phenomenon where a person spends more time in REM sleep after being deprived of it. This is the body's way of making up for the lost REM sleep. Therefore, Erica is likely to experience REM rebound and spend more time in REM sleep on subsequent nights.

Question 3

If selectively deprived of REM sleep, a person will later experience

Accepted Answer

Selective deprivation of REM sleep will lead to an increase in the amount and intensity of REM sleep during subsequent sleep periods, known as REM rebound.

Question 4

Individuals with partial sleep deprivation or sleep restriction experience

Accepted Answer

According to the text, individuals with partial sleep deprivation or sleep restriction experience impaired attention, impaired motor coordination, and impaired decision making. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 5

Mateen has been selectively deprived of slow-wave sleep for five nights. You would expect that on the sixth, undisturbed night, he will show

Accepted Answer

When someone is deprived of slow-wave sleep (stage 4 sleep), the body tends to compensate by increasing the amount of stage 4 sleep during subsequent nights, a phenomenon known as "slow-wave sleep rebound."

Question 6

Kara has just fallen asleep and immediately slips into REM. Kara has probably experienced or undergone

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kara has just fallen asleep and immediately...

Question 7

Recent evidence on the effects of sleep deprivation suggests all of the following EXCEPT that loss of sleep

Accepted Answer

All of the other answer choices (B, C, D) are supported by evidence on the effects of sleep deprivation. Option A, that sleep deprivation is not as detrimental as once thought, is not supported by current research. In fact, numerous studies have shown that chronic sleep deprivation can have significant negative impacts on physical and mental health, including impaired cognitive functioning, mood disturbances, and increased risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Question 8

Ethan took part in a research study in which, for three consecutive nights, he was awakened each time he entered slow-wave sleep. Now that Ethan is back at home it is likely that he will

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ethan took part in a research study...

Question 9

While serving as a subject in a laboratory sleep study for several nights, Steve was awakened whenever he entered REM sleep. It is MOST accurate to state that Steve was in a study designed to examine the effects of

Accepted Answer

Selective deprivation refers to the experimental condition where a specific stage of sleep, such as REM sleep, is selectively interrupted or deprived to study its effects.

Question 10

Shortened sleep duration has been linked to a heightened vulnerability for a variety of diseases. This means that sleep duration and these health risks are

Accepted Answer

Shortened sleep duration is associated with increased health risks, indicating a negative correlation where less sleep is linked to higher vulnerability.

Question 11

Which of the following has not been suggested as a hypothesis concerning the evolutionary bases of sleep?

Accepted Answer

Reduction of the risk of accidents during the night part of the day-night cycle has been suggested as a possible evolutionary basis for sleep.

Question 12

The hypothesis concerning the evolutionary bases of sleep that has the strongest support suggests that sleep evolved to help individuals

Accepted Answer

The hypothesis that sleep evolved to conserve energy has the strongest support based on research findings. During sleep, metabolism and energy consumption decrease, leading researchers to believe that sleep conserves energy. Additionally, animals who sleep more tend to have a higher survival rate.

Question 13

In research studies, which of the following has NOT been linked to short sleep duration?

Accepted Answer

Short sleep duration has been linked to increased risk of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, but not to a decreased risk of mood disorders. In fact, chronic sleep deprivation can lead to mood disturbances such as irritability, depression, and anxiety.

Question 14

Studies indicate that partial sleep deprivation can impair which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Studies suggest that partial sleep deprivation can impair attention, reaction time, and decision making.

Question 15

One possible theory as to the reason humans need REM and slow wave sleep focuses on the possibility that they contribute to

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is believed to be important for consolidating memories and learning, while slow wave sleep helps with the physical restoration and repair of the body. There is no evidence to suggest that sleep helps keep individuals safe from predators or helps keep body temperature low. Additionally, sleep has been shown to actually enhance creativity, not impair it.

Question 16

The results of the Featured Study on the effects of sleep deprivation show that when compared to members of the control group, participants who experienced partial sleep deprivation

Accepted Answer

The question asks about the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive measures, and option A states that there was no significant decline in performance. This is incorrect, as research has consistently shown that sleep-deprived individuals experience cognitive impairment. Option C is also incorrect, as the study does not mention a specific measure of mood or any significant differences between the groups in this regard. Option D is also incorrect, as the study did not measure irritability weeks after the study. This leaves option B, which accurately describes the findings of the study. Participants who experienced partial sleep deprivation showed a gradual decline in performance on cognitive measures during the study.

Question 17

The Featured Study is representative of a great deal of recent research which suggests that the effects of sleep deprivation

Accepted Answer

The Featured Study suggests that the effects of sleep deprivation are more serious than widely believed, which is reflected in a great deal of recent research on the topic. The other answer choices are not supported by the information provided.

Question 18

Shelby took part in a research study in which, for three consecutive nights, she was awakened each time she entered REM sleep. Now that Shelby is back at home, it is likely that she will

Accepted Answer

Shelby is likely to experience REM rebound, where she will spend more time in REM sleep to compensate for the REM sleep deprivation she experienced during the study.

Question 19

People who are selectively deprived of slow-wave sleep for several nights in a row

Accepted Answer

Selective deprivation of slow-wave sleep will result in a rebound effect where the individual will need to make up for the lost sleep. Therefore, they will spend more time in slow-wave sleep, not REM sleep, when allowed to sleep normally again. They will not suffer no ill effects whatsoever and will not need to be awakened less frequently as the deprivation goes on.

Question 20

For the past month Mitchell has had difficulty falling asleep at night. Even though he goes to bed at his usual time, he lays awake for several hours before he finally drifts off to sleep. As a result, Mitchell has only been getting 5 to 6 hours of sleep, instead of the 8 hours he is used to. Mitchell is likely to find that his lack of sleep leads to

Accepted Answer

Mitchell's lack of sleep is likely to result in impaired attention, especially on monotonous tasks. This is because sleep is necessary for cognitive functioning, and a lack of sleep can lead to difficulties with attention and concentration. While Mitchell may experience other symptoms such as irritability and fatigue, hallucinations and night terrors are less likely. Additionally, the inability to solve complex problems may also be a result of impaired attention and cognitive functioning.

Quiz 9: Variations in Consciousness Part 1

Correlation research, using self-report data, has investigated the link between sleep duration and mortality risk. The two key findings are: people who consistently sleep less than seven hours exhibit mortality risk; people who consistently sleep more than eight hours exhibit mortality risk.