Question 1

The elementary school-age child who does well in school and who receives praise and support at home will develop what Erikson calls a sense of

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the stage of industry vs. inferiority occurs during the elementary school years. During this stage, children who are praised and supported for their efforts in school and other activities develop a sense of industry, which is characterized by feelings of competence, achievement, and mastery. This sense of industry can help them to develop a positive self-concept and a belief in their own abilities.

Question 2

To Piaget, cognitive development involves

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, cognitive development involves stages that are characterized by fundamentally different thought processes. Piaget divided cognitive development into four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational, each with their unique characteristics.

Question 3

Erikson divided the life span into ____ stages associated with ____.

Accepted Answer

Erikson divided the life span into eight stages associated with psychosocial crises, which involve conflicts between personal needs and social demands. Each stage is marked by a specific challenge that must be resolved in order to move on to the next stage.

Question 4

Charlie Brown of the "Peanuts" cartoon strip is always trying to kick the football; however he never seems to succeed. According to Erikson, Charlie will most likely develop the basic characteristic of

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the stage that Charlie Brown is in (middle childhood) corresponds to the stage of industry versus inferiority. This stage involves developing a sense of competence and skill in various areas of life. Charlie's repeated failure to kick the football may lead to feelings of inferiority and inadequacy, which could impact his sense of competence in other areas as well. Therefore, the most likely characteristic he will develop is inferiority.

Question 5

The major shortcoming of Erikson's psychosocial stages theory of development is that

Accepted Answer

Stage theories like Erikson's tend to generalize across individuals and fail to account for individual differences in development. This can lead to oversimplified or inadequate explanations for the diversity of human experience.

Question 6

For children, in which Piagetian stage might we be correct with the old expression "Out of sight is out of mind"?

Accepted Answer

The answer of For children, in which Piagetian stage might...

Question 7

According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do children come to realize that an object continues to exist even when they cannot see it or touch it?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to around 2 years old, includes the development of object permanence, the understanding that an object exists even when it is out of sight or touch.

Question 8

Kyler is 9 years old, and he likes to draw and paint. However, he doesn't receive very good grades on his art projects, and several times his friends have laughed at the pictures Kyler has created. Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Kyler will develop

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, during the industry versus inferiority stage (ages 6-12), children strive to demonstrate competence in their skills and abilities. If Kyler is not receiving good grades and has been laughed at by his friends, he may develop feelings of inadequacy and inferiority in regards to his artistic abilities.

Question 9

Trey's older sister is playing a game with him. She hides the ball they are playing with behind her back, and Trey quickly loses interest in the game. He makes no attempt to look for the ball, and instead picks up another toy that is close by. This suggests that Trey has not yet developed

Accepted Answer

Trey's lack of interest in looking for the ball behind his sister's back implies that he does not yet understand object permanence - the concept that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. This is a key milestone in cognitive development that typically emerges around 8-12 months of age. The other options are less relevant to Trey's behavior in this specific situation.

Question 10

During Erikson's crisis of industry versus inferiority, a child should learn to function well in the broader social structure of the neighborhood and school. As a result, the child should gain a sense of competence. This stage occurs from

Accepted Answer

The crisis of industry versus inferiority occurs from 6 years of age through puberty, when children are learning to function well in their neighborhood and school and gain a sense of competence.

Question 11

Stage theories assume all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Stage theories do not assume that an individual's current experiences determine which stage he or she is in. Instead, they propose that individuals progress through the stages in a predetermined order and that this stage progression is strongly related to age. Additionally, stage theories assume that development is marked by major discontinuities, or shifts in thinking and behavior that occur as individuals move from one stage to the next.

Question 12

If an infant's basic biological needs are met by others and sound attachments are formed during the first year of life, the infant will, most likely, successfully resolve the crisis associated with the ____ stage.

Accepted Answer

The stage associated with basic trust versus mistrust occurs in the first year of life, during which time the infant develops a sense of trust in others if their basic needs are consistently met, or a sense of mistrust if their needs are not reliably met. Industry versus inferiority comes during the school-age years, autonomy versus shame and doubt is associated with toddlerhood, and initiative versus guilt is related to the preschool years.

Question 13

During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child's relations with the world are through

Accepted Answer

During the sensorimotor stage, which is from birth to about 2 years old, a child's cognitive development involves exploring and understanding the world through physical interactions such as touching, tasting, grasping, and manipulating objects. Logical reasoning, abstract operations, and systematic hypothesis testing do not occur until later stages of cognitive development.

Question 14

During Erikson's crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt, a child should begin to take some responsibility for his feeding and dressing. As a result, the child should gain a sense of self-sufficiency. This stage occurs from ____ years of age.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt occurs during the ages of 1-3. During this time, children begin to assert their independence and take on some responsibility for their daily routines such as feeding and dressing themselves. This leads to a sense of self-sufficiency and confidence.

Question 15

When Teresa's mother hides her favorite doll under a blanket, Teresa acts as if it no longer exists, and she makes no attempt to look for it. Based on this information, you can infer that Teresa is in Piaget's

Accepted Answer

The answer of When Teresa's mother hides her favorite doll...

Question 16

Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development. Which of the following is NOT one of his stages?

Accepted Answer

The correct stage is "concrete operational," not "postoperational."

Question 17

Five-year-old Steve gets along well with his parents and siblings, has self-confidence and believes that he is a good boy. Steve has MOST recently successfully resolved the crisis of

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the crisis of initiative versus guilt occurs during the preschool years (ages 3-6). During this stage, children like Steve are developing a sense of purpose and taking initiative in their activities. If they are successful in exploring and taking risks, they develop a sense of industry and confidence. However, if they are criticized or punished for their explorations, they may feel guilty and doubt their abilities. Since Steve believes he is a good boy and gets along well with his family, it is likely that he has successfully resolved this crisis in favor of developing initiative and self-confidence.

Question 18

The challenge of learning to function in society and beyond the family marks Erikson's childhood stage of

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority is characterized by the challenge of learning to function in society beyond the family, where children strive to acquire competence and skills in various areas, leading to a sense of industry. Failure to do so can result in feelings of inferiority.

Question 19

Shawn is concerned with how he compares to his peer group. For example, he is always trying to kick the football farther than his friends, and he constantly wonders if he is doing as well in school as the other boys in his second grade class. According to Erikson, Shawn is most likely in the stage of

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the stage that corresponds to Shawn's concerns is industry versus inferiority, which occurs during the elementary school years. Children in this stage focus on mastering skills and competencies, and they compare themselves with their peers to gauge their progress. The main psychosocial conflict at this stage is between feeling industrious and competent versus feeling inferior and inadequate. Children who successfully navigate this stage develop a sense of competence and mastery, while those who experience too much failure or discouragement may develop a sense of inferiority or incompetence.

Question 20

According to Erikson's theory, an elementary school-age child who does poorly in school, and does not get along well with classmates, is MOST likely to develop a sense of

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, if a child feels inadequate in their ability to succeed in academic and social settings during the elementary school years, they may develop a sense of inferiority. This can lead to feelings of incompetence and low self-esteem, which can impact their future social and academic performance.

Quiz 21: Human Development Across the Life Span Part 1