Question 1

_______________ goals involve the effort to avoid unpleasant experiences.
A) Avoidance
B) Performance
C) Mastery
D) Learning

Accepted Answer

Avoidance goals focus on avoiding negative outcomes or experiences. Performance goals focus on achieving a desired outcome, mastery goals focus on developing skills and knowledge, and learning goals focus on acquiring new knowledge and skills.

Question 2

Miley has noticed that her 80 year old father has become much more religious recently. She speculates that her father has become more aware of his mortality as he has aged, and that his newfound spirituality is his way of reducing his fear of death. Miley's explanation of her father's behavior is an example of
A) mortality denial theory.
B) the mortality hypothesis.
C) terror management theory.
D) fear sublimation theory.

Accepted Answer

Miley's explanation aligns with terror management theory, which suggests that people adopt cultural values, beliefs, and rituals, such as increased religiosity, to manage their fear and anxiety about death.

Question 3

What is mortality salience?
A) an increased awareness of death.
B) the belief that the soul does not die with the body.
C) most people's failure to consider that they will die someday.
D) strategies people use to try to extend their lives.

Accepted Answer

Mortality salience refers to an increased awareness or reminder of one's own mortality or the inevitability of death.

Question 4

Twin studies provide some evidence that sexual orientation may be in part related to genetics for
A) males.
B) males and females.
C) females.
D) none of the above.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Twin studies provide some evidence that sexual...

Question 5

According to your textbook, ______________ is a risk factor for illnesses such as heart disease and cancer, and elevates a person's risk for having hypertension, a weaker immune system, and high levels of stress hormones.
A) resentment
B) loneliness
C) marriage
D) being the youngest child

Accepted Answer

Loneliness is a risk factor for various illnesses such as heart disease and cancer. It can also lead to hypertension, a weaker immune system, and high levels of stress hormones. Marriage, on the other hand, can have both positive and negative effects on health depending on the quality of the relationship. Being the youngest child is not mentioned as a risk factor for any illnesses in the textbook. Resentment, although it can have negative effects on mental health, is not specifically mentioned as a risk factor for physical illnesses in the textbook.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of an avoidance goal?
A) trying not to make a fool of yourself
B) seeking a favorable work evaluation
C) learning to scuba dive
D) mastering a new language

Accepted Answer

An avoidance goal is focused on avoiding a negative outcome rather than achieving a positive outcome. Trying not to make a fool of yourself is an example of an avoidance goal because the goal is focused on avoiding embarrassment or shame. Seeking a favorable work evaluation, learning to scuba dive, and mastering a new language are all examples of approach goals, which are focused on achieving a positive outcome.

Question 7

Gerald is learning to play the guitar because he thinks girls will be more likely to go out with him if he plays in a band. This is an example of _______________ motivation and an __________________ goal.
A) performance; avoidance.
B) performance; approach
C) mastery; approach
D) mastery; avoidance

Accepted Answer

Gerald's motivation of wanting to impress girls and increase his chances of going out with them is an example of performance motivation, where the focus is on achieving a specific outcome. This goal is also an approach goal, as Gerald is striving towards gaining a positive outcome (going out with girls) by learning to play the guitar.

Question 8

The authors of your textbook argue that so many couples praise parenthood because
A) it increases material satisfaction.
B) it increases happiness.
C) it makes them feel useful.
D) it fulfills the need to belong.

Accepted Answer

The authors argue that many couples praise parenthood because it fulfills the need to belong, as having children is a socially normative behavior and can enhance the sense of community and connection with others who are also parents. The other options (increasing material satisfaction, increasing happiness, feeling useful) may be potential outcomes of parenthood for some individuals, but they are not the primary reason argued by the authors.

Question 9

A key element to satisfying the need to belong is
A) a sense of permanence to our relationships.
B) having a positive relationship with many people.
C) making new friends on a regular basis.
D) a sense that we are the most well liked person in a group.

Accepted Answer

A sense of permanence to our relationships is important in satisfying the need to belong, as it provides a sense of security and stability in our social connections. While having positive relationships with many people and making new friends can also contribute to a sense of belonging, they are not the key element. Feeling like the most well-liked person in a group may actually contribute to social pressure and anxiety, rather than a sense of belonging.

Question 10

Research suggests that relative finger length and sexual orientation are correlated. This is likely because both factors are affected by
A) prenatal estrogen levels.
B) nutrition during childhood.
C) prenatal testosterone levels.
D) a gene on the X-chromosome.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the relative lengths of the index and ring fingers are determined by the levels of prenatal hormones, particularly testosterone. This hormone also appears to play a role in the development of sexual orientation. Therefore, the correlation between finger length and sexual orientation is likely due to shared effects of prenatal testosterone levels.

Question 11

Bill has felt isolated and like an "outsider" since coming to college for his freshman year. As a result, he decided to rush a fraternity and was very excited when he was selected to pledge. According to Maslow, Bill may be attempting to meet the need of
A) freedom.
B) belonging.
C) transcendence.
D) physiology.

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that after meeting physiological needs such as food and shelter, humans seek to fulfill their need for safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization in that order. Bill's motivation to join a fraternity suggests that he is attempting to fulfill his need for love/belonging by being part of a group that accepts him.

Question 12

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy, which needs must be met first?
A) esteem
B) safety
C) physiological
D) belongingness and love

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that physiological needs, such as food, water, shelter, and warmth, must be met first before an individual can focus on higher-level needs such as safety, belongingness and love, esteem, and self-actualization. Therefore, option C, physiological needs, must be met first.

Question 13

Procrastination is least likely to occur with which combination of motivation and goal for completing the project?
A) performance; avoidance.
B) performance; approach
C) mastery; approach
D) mastery; avoidance

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that procrastination is least likely to occur when individuals have a mastery motivation combined with an approach goal. This means that individuals who are motivated by a desire to improve their skills and understanding of a task, and have a goal of achieving mastery, are less likely to procrastinate.

Question 14

_______________ goals are positive experiences that you seek directly.
A) Approach
B) Performance
C) Mastery
D) Learning

Accepted Answer

Approach goals are focused on achieving a positive outcome or experience. Performance goals are focused on achieving a specific level of performance, mastery goals are focused on improving skills and abilities, and learning goals are focused on acquiring new knowledge and skills.

Question 15

Krystal's grandmother died a few weeks ago. Since then Krystal finds that she is much more defensive about her political and religious views than she was before. This is likely because the death of Krystal's grandmother
A) increased her need to belong.
B) caused her to experience mortality salience.
C) acted as an anxiety buffer.
D) was a performance motive.

Accepted Answer

The experience of losing a loved one can often trigger mortality salience, or an increased awareness of one's own mortality. This can lead individuals to become more defensive about their beliefs and values as a way of combatting the anxiety that comes with thinking about death.

Question 16

_______________motivation is the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals.
A) Reward
B) Performance
C) Achievement
D) Approach

Accepted Answer

Achievement motivation refers to the desire to achieve and strive for success. It is characterized by setting challenging goals, taking calculated risks in pursuit of these goals, and persisting in the face of obstacles or setbacks. This type of motivation is important in driving individuals to perform at high levels and achieve significant accomplishments. The other options may also contribute to motivation, but they do not specifically address the drive to achieve and accomplish meaningful goals.

Question 17

Which of the following shows a focus on the lowest of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
A) Joan wants to live in a house with all the modern conveniences so that she may have more time to seek fulfillment from her career and family.
B) Frank feels that he is a good salesman because he likes what he does and knows how to do it well.
C) Barbara knows that as a teacher she is a good person because she realizes the importance of imparting knowledge to society.
D) Mark works hard so he can afford to move out of his dangerous and crime ridden neighborhood.

Accepted Answer

Mark's desire to move out of a dangerous neighborhood shows a focus on the physiological and safety needs, which are the lowest levels of Maslow's hierarchy.

Question 18

How do many current psychologists view the need to belong differently than Maslow did?
A) Maslow did not include belonging in his hierarchy.
B) Maslow viewed the need for food and shelter as more important than belonging, while many psychologists today consider it just as important.
C) Many psychologists today view the need for food and shelter as more important than belonging, while Maslow considered it just as important.
D) Maslow viewed belonging in terms of group membership, while psychologists today view it in terms of relationships between two individuals.

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs placed physiological needs, such as food and shelter, as the most basic needs that had to be satisfied before higher needs, such as belonging, could be met. However, many psychologists today consider belonging as just as important as physiological needs, and some even argue that it should be included as a basic need in any hierarchy of needs.

Question 19

____________motives are geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition.
A) Mastery
B) Performance
C) Egocentric
D) Approach

Accepted Answer

Performance motives are geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition. Mastery motives are focused on improving skills and knowledge for personal satisfaction or competence. Egocentric motives are focused on self-centered goals rather than external rewards or recognition. Approach motives are focused on moving toward positive outcomes, regardless of the type of motivation driving the behavior.

Question 20

Which prenatal event has been shown to increase the chances that a female child will show male typical behavior, and sometimes homosexual orientation?
A) very low levels of estrogen
B) exposure to high levels of testosterone
C) exposure to alcohol
D) low oxygen levels

Accepted Answer

Exposure to high levels of testosterone during prenatal development has been shown to increase the likelihood of female children exhibiting more male-typical behavior and sometimes homosexual orientation. This is because testosterone influences the development of both the brain and the reproductive system in a way that typically leads to male characteristics.

Quiz 11: Motivation and Emotion

_______________ goals involve the effort to avoid unpleasant experiences.

What is mortality salience?

Twin studies provide some evidence that sexual orientation may be in part related to genetics for

According to your textbook, ______________ is a risk factor for illnesses such as heart disease and cancer, and elevates a person's risk for having hypertension, a weaker immune system, and high levels of stress hormones.

Which of the following is an example of an avoidance goal?

Gerald is learning to play the guitar because he thinks girls will be more likely to go out with him if he plays in a band. This is an example of _ motivation and an ____ goal.

The authors of your textbook argue that so many couples praise parenthood because

A key element to satisfying the need to belong is

Research suggests that relative finger length and sexual orientation are correlated. This is likely because both factors are affected by

Bill has felt isolated and like an "outsider" since coming to college for his freshman year. As a result, he decided to rush a fraternity and was very excited when he was selected to pledge. According to Maslow, Bill may be attempting to meet the need of

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy, which needs must be met first?

Procrastination is least likely to occur with which combination of motivation and goal for completing the project?

_______________ goals are positive experiences that you seek directly.

Krystal's grandmother died a few weeks ago. Since then Krystal finds that she is much more defensive about her political and religious views than she was before. This is likely because the death of Krystal's grandmother

_______________motivation is the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals.

Which of the following shows a focus on the lowest of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

How do many current psychologists view the need to belong differently than Maslow did?

____________motives are geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition.

Which prenatal event has been shown to increase the chances that a female child will show male typical behavior, and sometimes homosexual orientation?