Question 1

The catharsis principle predicts that viewing pornography will __________ men's sexual aggressive behaviour towards women.

Accepted Answer

The catharsis principle suggests that viewing pornography can release sexual tension and aggression in a safe way, reducing the likelihood of men acting out aggressively towards women in real life. Therefore, viewing pornography is expected to decrease men's sexual aggressive behavior towards women.

Question 2

A study by Donnerstein and Berkowitz demonstrated that men who were exposed to a film depicting a rape myth were more likely later to ______________.

Accepted Answer

The study found that men who were exposed to a film depicting a rape myth were more likely to act aggressively later on, suggesting a strong correlation between exposure to violent media and aggressive behavior.

Question 3

Though researchers still debate the potential impact of pornography,it is generally agreed that the strongest negative effects occur when the pornography involves:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that exposure to violent pornography can lead to desensitization to sexual violence, attitudes that support rape culture, and an increase in aggressive and violent behavior towards women.

Question 4

Many modern sexual orientation theorists point out that people may experience attraction to people of the same gender,but may not identify themselves as homosexuals.Such a statement makes an important distinction between:

Accepted Answer

The statement distinguishes between a person's self-identity and their sexual attraction. It acknowledges that someone may experience attraction to people of the same gender but may not identify as homosexual, emphasizing that sexual attraction and self-identity are two distinct elements of sexual orientation.

Question 5

It was the championship game and Ryan was a nervous wreck.This game held a lot of pressure.A college scout was in the stands as well as his entire family.If Ryan did not perform well today,not only would he be embarrassed,his entire future would be affected.In pressure situations like this in the past,Ryan had not played his best.Ryan's motivation is most likely based on his:

Accepted Answer

Ryan's motivation is primarily driven by his fear of failure, as indicated by the concern over embarrassment and the impact on his future if he does not perform well.

Question 6

All of the following findings have been observed in research on sexual orientation EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

While research has found differences in some sex hormones between homosexual and heterosexual males, there is disagreement among studies and the differences are not consistently observed. Therefore, the statement that "homosexual and heterosexual males have different adult levels of sex hormones" is not a definitive finding in the research on sexual orientation.

Question 7

All of the following were discussed as correlational evidence suggesting the possible link between sex hormones and adult sexual orientation EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Option A, B, and C all involve prenatal exposure to sex hormones, while option D involves adult levels of sex hormones. Therefore, D is the exception as it is discussing a different type of evidence.

Question 8

Some researchers are intrigued by the results from studies suggesting that sexual orientation may be manipulated by altering prenatal exposure to sex hormones.However,many remain unconvinced by these findings,stating that the studies of humans that have been done are correlational in nature and thus,they can provide ______________.

Accepted Answer

Correlational studies can provide associations or relationships between variables, but they cannot establish causality. Therefore, researchers are unable to draw clear causal conclusions based solely on correlational studies.

Question 9

John admits that he sometimes feels attracted to other men,but he does not identify himself as a homosexual and he has never engaged in any same-gender sexual behaviour.According to modern sexual orientation theorists:

Accepted Answer

Modern sexual orientation theorists recognize that sexual orientation is a complex phenomenon that includes sexual attraction, behavior, and self-identity. Based on John's description, he experiences same-gender attraction but does not identify as homosexual or engage in same-gender sexual behavior. Therefore, he would be viewed as similar to homosexuals in terms of sexual attraction but not in terms of self-identity or behavior. He could be considered to have same-gender attraction, but not necessarily a homosexual or bisexual identity.

Question 10

Studies with animals have found that:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that altering prenatal exposure to sex hormones can influence sexual orientation in animals.

Question 11

Scientific research on sexual orientation supports which of the following conclusions?

Accepted Answer

Scientific research on sexual orientation has shown that homosexual men and women are more likely to exhibit gender-nonconforming behaviors during childhood. This supports the idea that sexual orientation is not simply a choice or a result of social conditioning, but has biological and developmental factors that contribute to it. The other options (A, B, and C) are not supported by current research.

Question 12

The issue of classifying people's sexual orientations is made difficult by the fact that:

Accepted Answer

Many people may report attraction to the same gender but choose not to identify as homosexual or bisexual, making the classification of sexual orientation difficult. Additionally, there is no clear consensus on the definition of sexual orientation and how it should be measured, which adds further complexity to the issue.

Question 13

According to one psychodynamic perspective,male homosexuality is promoted by:

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic perspective, particularly theories derived from Freudian thought, suggests that male homosexuality can be influenced by family dynamics, including being raised by a weak, ineffectual father and a domineering mother. This perspective posits that these family dynamics can impact an individual's psychosexual development.

Question 14

The fact that identical twins have approximately a 50 percent concordance rate for homosexuality was presented as evidence for the possible _________ basis for sexual orientation.

Accepted Answer

The fact that identical twins have a significantly higher concordance rate for homosexuality suggests that there may be a biological basis for sexual orientation, as genetics play a larger role in determining traits among identical twins who share the same DNA. Alternatives such as environmental factors, psychoanalytical theories, and cultural influences do not appear to have as strong a connection to sexual orientation as genetics.

Question 15

In terms of predicting the effects of viewing pornography that contains aggressive or violent content,according to the catharsis principle it should provide a safe outlet for releasing sexual and aggressive tensions,while according to _________________ it should reinforce beliefs in rape myths and increase aggression.

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory suggests that individuals learn behaviors and attitudes through observational learning, and that exposure to aggressive or violent content in pornography can reinforce beliefs in rape myths and increase aggression.

Question 16

"Real-world" correlational evidence gathered on the effect of pornography on behaviour:

Accepted Answer

Studies examining the correlation between pornography consumption and behavior have produced mixed findings and do not clearly support either the social learning theory or the psychoanalytic position. While some studies suggest a correlation between pornography consumption and negative attitudes towards women, sexual aggression, and risky sexual behavior, other studies have found no significant correlation or have even found a negative correlation between pornography consumption and these behaviors. Therefore, the real-world correlational evidence does not provide clear support for any one theory of the effects of pornography on behavior.

Question 17

The newest game show has contestants earning points based on the difficulty level of the questions.Answering a difficult question correctly earns the most points,but missing the difficult questions takes away the most points from the team score.There are three levels of question categories: difficult,moderate,and easy.Zoey,the first contestant,is not very bright and her team knows she is very anxious and afraid of failing,so they are surprised when Zoey chooses the difficult category.In fact,research would have predicted this because:

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that individuals who fear failure are more likely to choose tasks that are either very easy or very difficult. Choosing a difficult task allows them to attribute failure to the task's difficulty rather than their own lack of ability, making success unexpectedly rewarding.

Question 18

A person's emotional and erotic preference for partners of a particular sex is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Sexual orientation is the emotional and erotic preference for partners of a particular sex. Gender refers to social and cultural characteristics associated with being male or female, while gender identity refers to a person's sense of self as male, female, or something else. The sexual response cycle refers to physical and psychological changes that occur during sexual arousal and activity.

Question 19

Kelly said,"I'm motivated by the thought of getting a better mark in my math class than anyone else." Kelly's statement best represents:

Accepted Answer

Kelly's motivation is focused on achieving better marks than her classmates (performance) and approaching the goal of getting a higher mark than anyone else. This is a performance-approach goal. A mastery-approach goal would focus on learning and understanding the material for personal growth and improvement, rather than comparison to others.

Question 20

It was the championship game and Ryan,the star player,was a nervous wreck.Soccer was his love but this game held a lot of pressure.A college scout was in the stands as well as his entire family.Ryan could taste victory and the importance of the game only increased his drive and need for success.Ryan's motivation is most likely based on his:

Accepted Answer

Ryan's motivation is focused on the desire for success, rather than avoiding failure (B). He is driven by the challenge of the game and the potential rewards (college scout, victory), indicating a mastery orientation (C) rather than a performance-avoidance goal (D).

Quiz 11: Motivation and Emotion