Question 1

Participants in a study by J.S.Morris et al.were presented with subliminal pictures of faces,some of which had been previously paired with an aversive noise.Results from the study revealed that:

Accepted Answer

The study found that participants showed amygdala response to aversively conditioned stimuli (faces paired with aversive noise) even when they had no conscious awareness of having seen a conditioned face. Therefore, option D is the correct choice. Options A and B can be ruled out as they are contradictory to the study's findings. Option C is partially correct; the prefrontal cortex did respond to the aversively conditioned stimuli, but it is not the best choice as the study specifically found that the amygdala also responded.

Question 2

All of the following brain structures were mentioned as playing important roles in the regulation and production of emotion EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The cerebellum is primarily involved in motor coordination and balance, and is not directly involved in the regulation and production of emotion. The other three structures mentioned, the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala, are all important in these processes.

Question 3

The fact that emotions typically do not occur by themselves and are usually triggered in response to various people,behaviours,situations,objects,or events best demonstrates how emotions involve:

Accepted Answer

Emotions are often triggered by external stimuli, such as people, behaviors, situations, objects, or events. This suggests that emotions involve eliciting stimuli, rather than cognitive appraisals (A), physiological responses (C), or behavioral tendencies (D).

Question 4

Mauro and his colleagues found that Americans were more likely than Japanese individuals to report feelings such as pride and hope,and that Japanese individuals were more likely to report feelings of shame and regret than people from Hong Kong.However,when any particular emotion did occur,it was found that the ____________ that produced it tended to be very similar.

Accepted Answer

The sentence states that "when any particular emotion did occur, it was found that the cognitive appraisals that produced it tended to be very similar." Therefore, the correct answer is cognitive appraisals (choice A). Motivation (choice B) and stressors (choice C) are not mentioned as factors that affect the production of emotions in the sentence. Eliciting stimuli (choice D) is not ruled out as a factor, but is not specifically mentioned in the sentence.

Question 5

Researchers suspect that neurotransmitters are involved in the experiencing of positive emotions.These neurotransmitters include:

Accepted Answer

Dopamine and endorphins are neurotransmitters that are known to be involved in the experiencing of positive emotions. Dopamine is often associated with the brain's reward system, providing feelings of enjoyment and reinforcement to motivate us to do, or continue doing, certain activities. Endorphins are produced in response to stress and pain, but they also help to elevate mood, creating feelings of happiness or euphoria.

Question 6

Jim gets a paper back in his English class and although he thought he did pretty well,he receives an almost failing grade on it.Jim begins to criticize himself (e.g. ,"I'm such an idiot!")and because his tendency to do so is so habitual and well-learned,he isn't really aware of what he is doing internally.Nonetheless,within a relatively short period of time,Jim is feeling depressed and down.This example best demonstrates how emotional responses are caused by ____________.

Accepted Answer

Jim's self-criticism and negative thoughts about himself are automatic cognitive appraisals that lead to his emotional response of feeling depressed and down. Jim is not consciously aware of what he is doing internally, indicating that the cognitive appraisals are automatic and ingrained in his thinking patterns.

Question 7

Which of the following brain areas was mentioned as playing an important role with regard to emotions?

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is a key brain structure involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and pleasure responses.

Question 8

Dopamine is thought to be associated with positive emotions,while serotonin and norepinephrine are thought to be specifically involved with _________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dopamine is thought to be associated with...

Question 9

Many years ago in Italy,psychiatrists treated clinical depression with electroshock treatments.They observed that when they applied a shock treatment to a certain areas of the brain,the patients responded with a catastrophic reaction that lasted until the effects of the shock treatment wore off.The area of the brain that received the shock was the:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many years ago in Italy,psychiatrists treated clinical...

Question 10

The fact that people from Tahiti are often afraid of being alone,and Eskimos tend to feel sad and lonely when by themselves were discussed to demonstrate:

Accepted Answer

The discussion about how different cultures exhibit different emotional reactions suggests that some cognitive appraisals are culturally determined, supporting choice D as the correct answer.

Question 11

Feeling passion at the sight of your lover and feeling anxious when thinking of someone who is very critical and harsh are best considered examples of how emotional responses are shaped by ________________.

Accepted Answer

Emotional responses are primarily shaped by learning, including socialization and past experiences. Innate biological predispositions may influence emotional responses to some extent, but they are not the only or primary factor. Instrumental behaviors and upward comparisons are not directly related to the shaping of emotional responses.

Question 12

The fact that you almost instinctively jump out of the way of a car that is about to hit you and the fact that young infants clearly feel emotions even though they have yet to learn language are examples that both demonstrate how:

Accepted Answer

Both examples suggest that cognitive appraisals can occur automatically or at a primitive level, without conscious thought or language. This supports the idea that some emotional responses can be innate or instinctual, rather than purely cognitive or learned.

Question 13

Suppose someone asked you right now to think of a time when you were treated unfairly.It is very likely that the simple memory of what was done to you would evoke some feelings of anger and/or other emotions that you experienced in response to this particular event.The fact that you can do this in response to this person's request best demonstrates how:

Accepted Answer

The scenario described in the question shows how emotions can be triggered by external stimuli such as memories of events. This aligns with option A, which states that emotions can be triggered by both internal and external stimuli. Options B and C are incorrect because they do not fully explain the scenario in the question, and option D is not relevant to the scenario described.

Question 14

Research suggests that a fear response can be classically conditioned more easily with some stimuli (e.g. ,snakes)compared to others (e.g. ,flowers),indicating that _________ can play a role in emotional processing.

Accepted Answer

The fact that some stimuli, such as snakes, are more easily associated with fear than others, like flowers, suggests that there may be an innate biological predisposition to certain emotional responses. This aligns with research on evolutionary psychology, which suggests that humans may have developed certain emotional reactions to specific stimuli as a result of their adaptive value in helping our ancestors survive and reproduce.

Question 15

LeDoux's research on the brain mechanisms involved in emotion determined that sensory input from the thalamus is routed independently to both the cortex and the amygdala.This specific neural wiring could account for the fact that:

Accepted Answer

LeDoux's research highlights how the dual pathways to the amygdala and cortex allow for both a fast, unconscious emotional response (via the amygdala) and a slower, conscious appraisal (via the cortex) to the same stimuli.

Question 16

Researchers have determined that the cognitive appraisals of different emotions,such as anger,fear,and joy,appear to be remarkably similar for people in different cultures,suggesting that some types of interpretations may be ______________.

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that the cognitive appraisals of different emotions are similar across cultures, indicating that these interpretations may be universal. Therefore, option B is the most appropriate choice.

Question 17

LeDoux's work on the brain areas involved in emotional processes revealed that there is an independent neural path taking sensory information through the thalamus to a specific connection,which could account for why we are sometimes able to respond behaviourally to environmental stimuli before we have the chance to make a cognitive appraisal of these stimuli.This connection from the thalamus runs to the ____________.

Accepted Answer

LeDoux's work on the brain areas involved in emotional processes suggests that a specific connection in the brain, which runs from the thalamus to the amygdala, allows for rapid behavioral and emotional responses to environmental stimuli before cognitive appraisal. Therefore, the correct answer is B) amygdala.

Question 18

The neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine were discussed as playing a role in the emotion of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine were discussed...

Question 19

The area of the cortex that appears to be heavily involved in the process of emotion regulation is:

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex, specifically the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, has been shown to play a major role in emotion regulation. It helps to regulate emotional responses by inhibiting amygdala activity, which is the brain region responsible for processing emotions such as fear and anger. Dysfunction of this area is also associated with various emotional disorders.

Question 20

The fact that two people can have very different emotions in response to the same event is most easily explained by the notion of:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive appraisals refer to how individuals interpret and assign meaning to a given situation or event. This can lead to different emotions based on one's personal beliefs, experiences, and expectations.

Quiz 11: Motivation and Emotion