Question 1

She became the first female president of the American Psychological Association in 1905.

Accepted Answer

Mary Whiton Calkins became the first female president of the American Psychological Association in 1905. Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology and later served as the second female president of the APA. Francis Sumner was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology. Christine Ladd-Franklin was a prominent mathematician and logician but did not serve as president of the APA.

Question 2

Who claimed that behavior is affected by positive reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

B. F. Skinner is known for his work in behaviorism and believed that behavior is shaped and controlled by its consequences, specifically through positive reinforcement.

Question 3

He is known as the "father of African American psychology."

Accepted Answer

Francis Cecil Sumner was the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology and is widely recognized as the "father of African American psychology." He founded the psychology program at Howard University and conducted research on racial bias, discrimination, and the effects of segregation on African American mental health.

Question 4

You are mostly a product of your environment. Parents, teachers, friends and experiences in life all operate to shape your behaviors and determine who you become. This summarizes the __________ perspective in psychology.

Accepted Answer

The behavioral perspective in psychology focuses on how environmental factors, such as learning and reinforcement, shape and influence behavior. This includes the impact of parents, teachers, friends, and experiences on an individual's personality, beliefs, and actions.

Question 5

What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson was a behaviorist who believed that psychology should focus on observable and measurable behavior rather than subjective experiences or processes. He argued that behavior could be analyzed and understood through direct observation and manipulation of environmental factors, and that this approach could lead to more effective interventions for a wide range of psychological problems. Therefore, he would have advised psychologists of his time to focus on observable behavior.

Question 6

John B. Watson believed that psychology should involve the study of _________.

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson was the founder of behaviorism, which focuses on the study of observable behavior rather than the mind or consciousness. Therefore, he believed that psychology should involve the study of behavior.

Question 7

If a functionalist from the 1870s were alive today, where would we most likely find him?

Accepted Answer

Functionalists from the 1870s were interested in how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments. Improving teaching methods in schools aligns with their focus on practical applications of psychological knowledge to enhance human adaptation and efficiency.

Question 8

The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. "I'll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50." The revealed answer is "Focused on unconscious factors and relied on the case study method." Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud is the pioneer in psychology who focused on unconscious factors and relied on the case study method. B.F. Skinner is a behaviorist who focused on observable behavior, humanists emphasized on the individual's unique worth and potential, and behaviorists emphasized on the reinforcement of behavior.

Question 9

The school of psychology called behaviorism was started by __________

Accepted Answer

The school of psychology called behaviorism was started by John B. Watson.

Question 10

What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud believed that unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories played a significant role in causing nervous disorders. He developed a theory of psychoanalysis, which focused on bringing these unconscious thoughts and emotions to the surface through therapy. Therefore, the key to understanding and treating nervous disorders, according to Freud, was the exploration and analysis of the patient's unconscious mind.

Question 11

Which statement summarizes the psychoanalytic view of Sigmund Freud?

Accepted Answer

The statement "The mind is like an iceberg in that only a small part of its substance is visible" summarizes the psychoanalytic view of Sigmund Freud, who believed that the majority of mental processes are unconscious and hidden from awareness, much like the majority of an iceberg is hidden from view beneath the surface of the water.

Question 12

Behaviorism is still a major force in modern psychology due to the profound influence of __________

Accepted Answer

The answer of Behaviorism is still a major force in...

Question 13

__________ was a prominent female psychologist who wrote the books The Animal Mind (1908) and Movement and Mental Imagery (1916).

Accepted Answer

Margaret Floy Washburn was a prominent female psychologist who wrote The Animal Mind (1908) and Movement and Mental Imagery (1916). Mary Whiton Calkins was a prominent female psychologist who studied under William James but was denied a Ph.D. from Harvard because of her gender. Christine Ladd-Franklin was a mathematician and logician who made significant contributions to the fields of algebra and color vision. Anna Freud was a prominent psychoanalyst and the daughter of Sigmund Freud.

Question 14

The first psychology laboratory at an African American university was established by __________ at Howard University.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The first psychology laboratory at an African...

Question 15

Despite having to wait 40 years after completing the requirements to be awarded her Ph.D., __________ persevered and developed a well-respected, evolutionary theory of color vision.

Accepted Answer

Christine Ladd-Franklin was the only woman on this list who developed a theory of color vision and had to wait 40 years after completing her Ph.D. to receive recognition for her work. Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn were also pioneering women in the field of psychology, but their research focused on areas other than color vision. Rosalie Raynor was a psychologist who worked with John B. Watson on the famous Little Albert experiment, but she did not contribute to the field of color vision.

Question 16

The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what early field of psychology?

Accepted Answer

The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on behavior is a key element of psychoanalytic theory, which was developed by Sigmund Freud and his followers in the early 20th century. Structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism all focused on the study of conscious experience and observable behavior, rather than the unconscious mind.

Question 17

Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities?

Accepted Answer

Behavioralists focus on observable behaviors and the ways in which behaviors are learned from the environment. They would argue that a criminal's behavior could be learned from observing and imitating those around them, such as older boys engaging in criminal activities.

Question 18

Skinner's research showed that ____________ is an integral factor for both learning and maintaining a particular behavior.

Accepted Answer

Skinner's research on operant conditioning found that reinforcement is essential in both learning and maintaining a behavior. Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while negative reinforcement involves removing something unpleasant to increase the probability of a behavior recurring. Skinner believed that behavior does not depend on sentence stimuli and reinforces responses that are closer to the desired behavior, through a process called shaping.

Question 19

Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was strongly influenced by John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research?

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson is known for his behaviorist approach, which focuses on observable behaviors and how they are acquired through conditioning. Therefore, an analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired would be the most acceptable choice for research under this theoretical framework. A survey of daydreams or sexual imagery in dreams would not align with the behaviorist approach, as they involve internal mental processes that cannot be directly observed. An analysis of thought processes also involves internal mental processes and would be less acceptable from a purely behaviorist perspective.

Question 20

Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism?

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism was developed by John Watson and further developed by B.F. Skinner. Gestalt psychology focused on perception, while Wundt is credited with establishing psychology as a scientific discipline. Freud's theories focused on the unconscious mind and psychoanalysis. Pavlov's work on classical conditioning did influence behaviorism, but he was not a founding contributor to the movement.

Quiz 1: Introduction to Psychology