Question 1

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information processing model did not consider the formation of

Accepted Answer

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin model did not consider the formation of implicit memories.

Question 2

Memories for well-learned automatic skills such as how to tie your shoes are called ________ memories.

Accepted Answer

Procedural memories are memories for well-learned automatic skills such as tying your shoes. Iconic memories are visual sensory memories, working memories are temporary holding of information in the brain, and state-dependent memories are memories that are enhanced when a person is in the same physiological or emotional state as when the memory was originally formed.

Question 3

While reading highly familiar words at a very rapid speed, Megan effortlessly understands almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of

Accepted Answer

Megan's ability to understand familiar words at a rapid speed suggests that she is using automatic processing, which is the ability to process information quickly and easily after extensive practice or exposure. Flashbulb memory refers to vivid and detailed memories of emotionally significant events. The spacing effect refers to the idea that spacing out studying over time leads to better retention of information. The peg-word system is a mnemonic device that uses association to remember a set of information. None of these options are related to Megan's ability to understand familiar words at a rapid speed.

Question 4

Conscious memories of facts and personal experiences are called ________ memories.

Accepted Answer

Conscious memories of facts and personal experiences are known as explicit memories. These are memories that can be consciously recalled and typically involve specific information or events. Mood-congruent memories refer to memories that are influenced by a person's current emotional state, while procedural memories involve the recall of skills and habits. Iconic memories refer to very brief and fleeting sensory memories, such as the visual impression of an image that has just been seen.

Question 5

Four-year-old Aaron doesn't recall ever seeing a hypodermic needle, and he can't remember the series of painful injections he received when he was a 2-year-old. When shown a hypodermic needle, however, he reacted with a classically conditioned fear response. Aaron's fear reaction indicates that he retains a(n) ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Aaron's fear response is an example of classical conditioning, which is a type of implicit memory. Implicit memories are unconscious and are formed through experiences and associations. Iconic and echoic memories refer to sensory memory, while procedural memory involves the memory of how to perform a specific physical skill or task.

Question 6

People can show classically conditioned emotional reactions without any conscious recollection of how or when those reactions were learned. This best illustrates ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

The scenario described is an example of implicit memory, which involves non-conscious learning and retrieval of information. Classical conditioning is a form of implicit memory. Short-term memory refers to the limited capacity and short duration storage of information, sensory memory involves the initial processing of sensory information, and flashbulb memory refers to vivid and detailed recollection of significant events.

Question 7

Effortful processing is to automatic processing as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

Effortful processing and explicit memory are both types of conscious, intentional memory processing that require effort and attention. Automatic processing and implicit memory, on the other hand, are both types of unconscious, unintentional memory processing that do not require effort or attention.

Question 8

We encode explicit memories by means of

Accepted Answer

Effortful processing involves actively engaging with information in order to encode it into long-term memory. This can include techniques such as rehearsal, elaboration, and organization. Sensory memory refers to the initial stage of memory where sensory information is briefly held before either being forgotten or transferred to short-term memory. Automatic processing is a type of encoding that occurs without conscious effort, such as the ability to recognize someone's face without consciously trying to remember it. Connectionism refers to a theoretical approach to understanding cognition that emphasizes the importance of neural networks and connections between neurons.

Question 9

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. This study finds that ________ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal.

Accepted Answer

The study by Peterson and Peterson suggests that short-term memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal. The task of counting backward served as a distractor, preventing rehearsal and leading to a rapid forgetting of the presented consonants.

Question 10

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory.

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory refers to the visual sensory memory that lasts for only a fraction of a second after a stimulus disappears. In this case, Ileana retains a vivid visual image of the lightning flash that quickly disappears, illustrating the nature of iconic memory. Flashbulb memory refers to the strong and lasting memories of significant, emotional events, which is not described in this scenario. Procedural memory refers to the memory of how to perform specific tasks, and short-term memory refers to the temporary storage of information that is currently being used. Neither of these types of memory are illustrated in this scenario.

Question 11

Unconsciously encoding incidental information regarding space, time, and frequency best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing refers to the unconscious encoding of incidental information regarding space, time, and frequency, without needing to pay attention to these details. This type of processing can occur without any effort or intention, and is responsible for encoding a vast amount of everyday information that we don't consciously try to remember.

Question 12

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.

Accepted Answer

The capacity of our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to approximately 7 items, plus or minus 2. This is commonly referred to as Miller's Law.

Question 13

To remember her way from her new home to her school, Julie consciously formed a mental image of each street corner at which she needed to turn. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Julie consciously forming a mental image suggests that she is engaging in effortful processing, which refers to the conscious and intentional processing of information.

Question 14

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory that holds visual information for a brief period, while echoic memory is a type of sensory memory that holds auditory information for a brief period. Therefore, the relationship between iconic memory and echoic memory is that of visual stimulation to auditory stimulation. The other answer choices are not related to the comparison between iconic and echoic memory.

Question 15

During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing refers to the unconscious encoding of information with little to no effort or conscious awareness. Encoding the sequence of events during the day would likely fall under this category. The other options (spacing effect, procedural memory, and self-reference effect) do not accurately describe this process.

Question 16

By showing people three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Sperling's experiment demonstrated iconic memory, which is a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli.

Question 17

Which of the following is a form of sensory memory?

Accepted Answer

Echoic memory is a form of sensory memory that specifically pertains to auditory information. It is the brief storage of information that our ears hear and is necessary for us to be able to understand speech and other auditory information. Procedural memory pertains to our ability to perform learned motor skills and is not a form of sensory memory. Working memory is a type of short-term memory that allows us to hold and manipulate information in our minds for brief periods of time. Flashbulb memory is a type of long-term memory that is formed in response to particularly emotional or significant events and is not a form of sensory memory.

Question 18

Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Echoic memory is sensory memory specific to auditory information and can retain information for a brief period of time (up to 3-4 seconds) even if it is not immediately attended to. Flashbulb memory is a type of long-term memory for significant events, procedural memory is memory for how to perform tasks, and iconic memory is sensory memory specific to visual information.

Question 19

Our two-track mind is most clearly illustrated by the difference between

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory (unconscious and automatic) and explicit memory (conscious and intentional) are two types of long-term memory that illustrate our two-track mind. This is because both types of memory operate differently and are utilized for different purposes, with implicit memory being involved in skills and habits, while explicit memory is involved in conscious recall of facts and events.

Question 20

Iconic memory refers to

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory that refers to the brief photographic or picture-image memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second. This type of memory is responsible for holding visual information long enough for the brain to process and interpret it.

Quiz 23: A: Studying and Building Memories