Question 1

Anti-infectives are grouped into pharmacological classes by their:

Accepted Answer

Anti-infectives are grouped into pharmacological classes by their mechanism of action, which refers to the specific way the drug works to combat infections. This information is important for choosing the most effective treatment and avoiding resistance.

Question 2

The client asks the nurse why the health care provider did not prescribe the same antibiotic that the client always receives for an infection.The best response by the nurse would be:

Accepted Answer

Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem, and bacteria can become resistant to certain antibiotics if they are overused. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to use different antibiotics to avoid creating antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The nurse should inform the client about this and explain that the recommended antibiotic is more effective against the specific bacteria causing the infection than the one they previously used.

Question 3

The nurse sending a wound culture to the laboratory knows that the purpose of culture and sensitivity testing is to:

Accepted Answer

The purpose of culture and sensitivity testing is to determine which antibiotic is most effective against the infecting microorganism. This helps in selecting the appropriate treatment for the infection and reduces the risk of antibiotic resistance. Prevention of infection, identification of resistant bacteria, and promotion of drug-resistant strains are not the primary goals of culture and sensitivity testing.

Question 4

The nurse caring for a client with an infection knows a contributing factor to the development of drug resistance is the presence of bacterial genetic errors called:

Accepted Answer

Drug resistance can occur when bacteria mutate, or undergo genetic changes, that allow them to resist the effects of antibiotics. Plasmids, conjugates, and duplications may all play a role in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria, but they are not necessarily a contributing factor to the development of drug resistance itself.

Question 5

Hyaluronidase,an enzyme secreted by certain bacteria,allows the bacteria to:

Accepted Answer

Hyaluronidase breaks down hyaluronic acid, a component of connective tissue, allowing the bacteria to penetrate anatomic barriers more easily. This facilitates the spread of the bacteria throughout the body.

Question 6

A leading factor in the development of bacterial resistance is the ability of bacteria to undergo:

Accepted Answer

The answer of A leading factor in the development of...

Question 7

The nursing student asks the instructor how concepts from microbiology directly relate to client care.The instructor's best response is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The nursing student asks the instructor how...

Question 8

Classification of bacteria by their response to Gram stain includes:

Accepted Answer

The Gram stain classifies bacteria into two broad groups based on their ability to retain the crystal violet stain. Those that retain the stain are called Gram-positive, while those that do not are called Gram-negative. The other answer options do not accurately reflect Gram staining classification.

Question 9

The nurse knows that which antibiotic,when taken by a pregnant woman,can adversely affect the newborn's hearing?

Accepted Answer

Aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin, can cross the placenta and cause damage to the sensory cells in the inner ear, leading to hearing loss in the newborn. It is important for healthcare providers to avoid prescribing aminoglycosides to pregnant women unless it is absolutely necessary.

Question 10

Invasiveness refers to a pathogen's ability to:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Invasiveness refers to a pathogen's ability to:
...

Question 11

Which type of antibiotic carries the highest risk of an allergic response?

Accepted Answer

Penicillins have been shown to be the type of antibiotic that carries the highest risk of an allergic response. Up to 10% of patients who receive penicillins may develop an allergic reaction, which can range from mild to life-threatening.

Question 12

The ability of an antibiotic to target pathogens without major effects on human cells is termed:

Accepted Answer

Selective toxicity is the ability of an antibiotic to target pathogens without major effects on human cells. Bacterial cells have unique structures and metabolic pathways compared to human cells, which can be targeted by antibiotics without affecting human cells. This property is essential for the safe and effective treatment of bacterial infections.

Question 13

The primary factor in the development of drug-resistant bacteria is the:

Accepted Answer

The unwarranted use of antibiotics, such as prescribing them for viral infections, is the primary factor in the development of drug-resistant bacteria. When antibiotics are prescribed unnecessarily or not taken as directed, bacteria have a chance to develop resistance to the medication. This is why it is crucial to only use antibiotics when they are needed and to always follow the prescribed treatment plan.

Question 14

Pathogenicity refers to an organism's ability to:

Accepted Answer

Pathogenicity specifically refers to an organism's ability to cause disease. Penetrating anatomic barriers more easily and multiplying more rapidly may contribute to an organism's pathogenicity, but are not the sole factors. Using oxygen is not directly related to pathogenicity.

Question 15

An advantage of using a broad-spectrum antibiotic is that:

Accepted Answer

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are effective against a large number of organisms, including both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This makes them a good choice when the exact cause of an infection is unknown or when there is a possibility of multiple bacterial species causing the infection.

Question 16

Guidelines for preventing antimicrobial resistance include: Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.Standard Text: Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

All of the choices listed are guidelines for preventing antimicrobial resistance. Using proper infection-control procedures and preventing infections are important in reducing the spread of resistant pathogens. Using antimicrobials wisely, such as not prescribing them for viral infections and completing the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, can help prevent the development of resistance. Treating infections properly, such as choosing the appropriate antibiotic and dosing, can also help prevent the development of resistance. Shortening the duration of antibiotic administration is not always recommended as it may lead to incomplete treatment and a higher risk of resistance.

Question 17

The client's culture report indicates the presence of gram-negative cocci in the urine.This means that the bacteria are:

Accepted Answer

Gram-negative cocci are bacteria that are round in shape and have thin cell walls. This is based on the Gram stain method of bacterial classification. The cell wall of gram-negative bacteria is less thick than that of gram-positive bacteria, and it does not retain the violet stain in the Gram stain method. Instead, it appears pink or red under the microscope. This information can be useful in diagnosing and treating urinary tract infections.

Question 18

A new antibiotic is classified as a bacteriocidal agent.This means that the drug:

Accepted Answer

A bacteriocidal agent kills the infectious agent rather than just slowing its growth, having high potency, or being highly efficacious.

Question 19

The ability of an organism to become unresponsive over time to an anti-infective is termed:

Accepted Answer

Acquired resistance refers to the ability of an organism to become unresponsive over time to an anti-infective. Superinfection is the development of a new infection during the course of treatment for an existing infection. Sensitivity refers to the susceptibility of an organism to a particular anti-infective. Mutation refers to a change in the genetic material of an organism.

Question 20

The nurse is preparing to administer a broad-spectrum antibiotic medication to a client.An important nursing intervention prior to administration of the anti-infective is:

Accepted Answer

Performing a culture prior to administering the first dose of the anti-infective is important in identifying the specific organism causing the infection and selecting the appropriate antibiotic. This helps to ensure the effectiveness of the medication and prevent resistance to the antibiotic.

Quiz 46: Basic Principles of Anti-Infective Pharmacotherapy