Question 1

The primary causes of duodenal ulcers include (select all that apply):

Accepted Answer

Infection with H.pylori and chronic use of NSAIDs are the major causes of duodenal ulcer.Consuming spicy foods,trauma,and antibiotics do not lead to duodenal ulcer disease.

Question 2

A patient presents to the physician with complaints of constipation.Which of the following could be the cause? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Constipation can be caused by neurogenic disorders of the large intestine in which neural pathways or neurotransmitters are altered and colon transit time delayed.A low-residue diet (the habitual consumption of highly refined foods)decreases the volume and number of stools and causes constipation.A sedentary lifestyle and lack of regular exercise are other common causes of constipation.Lack of access to toilet facilities and consistent suppression of the urge to empty the bowel are other causes.Excessive use of antacids containing calcium carbonate or aluminum hydroxide often results in constipation.Opiates,particularly codeine,tend to inhibit bowel motility.Conditions associated with constipation include congenital megacolon,hypothyroidism,pelvic hiatal hernia,multiple sclerosis,spinal cord trauma,cancer,cerebrovascular disease,and irritable bowel syndrome-constipation predominant.Aging may result in changes in neuromuscular function,causing constipation.

Question 3

Acute pancreatitis often manifests with pain to which of the following regions?

Accepted Answer

Epigastric or midabdominal pain ranging from mild abdominal discomfort to severe,incapacitating pain is one of the manifestations of pancreatitis.
Right lower pain would be a symptom of appendicitis.
Right upper quadrant pain would be manifestation of liver inflammation.
Suprapubic pain would be related to a full bladder or colon problems.

Question 4

A 39-year-old female presents with abdominal pain and jaundice.She is diagnosed with gallstones and undergoes cholecystectomy.An analysis of her gallstones would most likely reveal a high concentration of:

Accepted Answer

The majority of gallstones are composed of cholesterol.
The majority of gallstones are composed of cholesterol,not phosphate.
The majority of gallstones are composed of cholesterol,not bilirubin.
The majority of gallstones are composed of cholesterol,not urea.

Question 5

Which of the following type(s)of hepatitis has an incubation period of up to 180 days? (Select al that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Both hepatitis A and D have incubation periods of up to 180 days.

Question 6

The cardinal signs of small bowel obstruction are:

Accepted Answer

Colicky pains followed by vomiting and distention are the cardinal symptoms of small bowel obstruction.
Colicky pains followed by vomiting and distention are the cardinal symptoms of small bowel obstruction.Diarrhea does not occur.
Colicky pains followed by vomiting and distention are the cardinal symptoms of small bowel obstruction.Epigastric pain does not occur.
Colicky pains followed by vomiting and distention are the cardinal symptoms of small bowel obstruction.Abdominal pain may occur,but rectal bleeding does not.

Question 7

Which of the following gastrointestinal (GI)clinical manifestations is subjective? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Anorexia is lack of the desire for food intake and is a subjective experience.Nausea is a subjective experience.Retching is a forceful form of vomiting and is observable.Vomiting and diarrhea are observable.

Question 8

Complications obstruction in the lower bowel include (select all that apply):

Accepted Answer

With obstruction lower in the intestine,metabolic acidosis is more likely to occur because bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions and bile cannot be reabsorbed.Hypokalemia can be extreme.Continued intestinal secretion and decreased absorption lead to decreased blood volume and elevates hematocrit,decreases central venous pressure,and causes tachycardia.Severe dehydration leads to hypovolemic shock.Bacteria also proliferate and may cross the mucosal barrier and cause peritonitis or sepsis.

Question 9

A 46-year-old female is diagnosed with gastric ulcers.Which of the following characterizes the disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

The pattern of pain is different from that of duodenal ulcers as it frequently occurs immediately after eating.Gastric ulcers cause more anorexia,vomiting,and weight loss than duodenal ulcers.Gastric ulcers also tend to be chronic rather than alternating between periods of remission and exacerbation.The evaluation and treatment of gastric ulcers are similar to the evaluation and treatment of duodenal ulcers,although duration of treatment is longer than with duodenal ulcers.

Question 10

A 60-year-old male is diagnosed with cancer of the esophagus.Which of the following factors most likely contributed to his disease?

Accepted Answer

Reflux is a factor in the development of esophageal cancer.
Intestinal parasites do not lead to the development of cancer of the esophagus.
Ingestion of salty foods does not lead to cancer of the esophagus.
Frequent use of antacids does not lead to cancer of the esophagus.

Question 11

A 55-year-old female has general symptoms of gallstones but is also jaundiced.IV cholangiography would most likely reveal that the gallstones are obstructing the:

Accepted Answer

Jaundice is due to obstruction of the common bile duct.
Jaundice is due to obstruction of the common bile duct,not the intrahepatic canaliculi.
Jaundice is due to obstruction of the common bile duct,not the gallbladder.
Jaundice is due to obstruction of the common bile duct,not the cystic duct.

Question 12

A 31-year-old female presents with midabdominal pain.She is expected to have acute pancreatitis.Which of the will be part of the treatment plan? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Narcotic medications may be needed to relieve pain.To decrease pancreatic secretions and "rest the gland," oral food and fluids may be withheld,and continuous gastric suction is instituted.Nasogastric suction may not be necessary with mild pancreatitis,but it helps to relieve pain and prevent paralytic ileus in individuals who are nauseated and vomiting.Parenteral fluids are essential to restore blood volume and prevent hypotension and shock.Antibiotics may control infection.The risk of mortality increases significantly with the development of infection or pulmonary,cardiac,and renal complications.

Question 13

A 62-year-old male presents with difficulty swallowing.Tests reveal a loss of esophageal peristalsis and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax.Functional dysphasia is the diagnosis.A history of which of the following could be the most likely cause? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Functional dysphasia is caused by neural or muscular disorders that interfere with voluntary swallowing or peristalsis.Disorders that affect the striated muscles of the upper esophagus interfere with the oropharyngeal (voluntary)phase of swallowing.Typical causes are dermatomyositis (a muscle disease)and neurologic impairments caused by cerebrovascular accidents,Parkinson disease,or achalasia.Peptic ulcer disease or pyloric stenosis would not cause functional dysphasia.

Question 14

A 40-year-old male presents with epigastric pain.Tests reveal acute pancreatitis.The most likely cause of his condition is:

Accepted Answer

Biliary tract obstruction by gallstones is one of the known causes of pancreatitis.
Malignancies can occur in the pancreas,but the most common cause of the epigastric pain associated with pancreatitis is biliary tract obstruction.
Trauma from surgery can occur in the pancreas,but the most common cause of the epigastric pain associated with pancreatitis is biliary tract obstruction.
Nonprescription medications usually do not result in pancreatitis,the most common cause of the epigastric pain associated with pancreatitis is biliary tract obstruction.

Question 15

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder wall usually caused by:

Accepted Answer

Cholecystitis can be acute or chronic,but both forms are almost always caused by a gallstone lodged in the cystic duct.
Accumulation of bile in the hepatic duct would not lead to cholecystitis.
Accumulation of fat does not lead to cholecystitis.
A viral infection does not cause cholecystitis; obstruction of the cystic duct does.

Question 16

A 40-year-old male who consumes a diet high in fat and low in fiber is at risk for:

Accepted Answer

CRC is associated with dietary intake,primarily lack of fiber and high fat content.
It is CRC,not the stomach,that is most generally associated with dietary intake.
It is CRC,not the liver,that is most generally associated with dietary intake.
It is CRC,not the small intestine,that is most generally associated with dietary intake.

Question 17

Which of the GI cancers has the highest rate of incidence and is responsible for the highest number of deaths?

Accepted Answer

Colorectal cancer (CRC)is the third most common cause of cancer and cancer death in the United States for both men and women.
Esophageal cancer does not have the highest incidence.
Stomach cancer does not have the highest incidence.
Pancreatic cancer does not have the highest incidence.

Question 18

Pancreatic insufficiency is manifested by deficient production of:

Accepted Answer

Pancreatic insufficiency is the deficient production of lipase by the pancreas.
Pancreatic insufficiency is the deficient production of lipase,not insulin,by the pancreas.
Pancreatic insufficiency is the deficient production of lipase,not amylase,by the pancreas.
Pancreatic insufficiency is the deficient production of lipase,not bile,by the pancreas.

Question 19

A 55-year-old male intravenous (IV)drug user with a history of advanced liver disease is diagnosed with hepatorenal syndrome.Which of the following clinical manifestations would be expected? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Oliguria and complications of advanced liver disease,including jaundice,ascites,and GI bleeding,are usually present.Systolic blood pressure is usually below 100 mm Hg.Nonspecific symptoms of hepatorenal syndrome include anorexia,weakness,and fatigue.

Question 20

Tissue damage in pancreatitis is caused by:

Accepted Answer

Leaked enzymes become activated,initiating autodigestion,inflammation,oxidative stress,and acute pancreatitis.
Tissue damage is caused by leaked enzymes that become activated,initiating autodigestion,inflammation,oxidative stress,and acute pancreatitis.It is not due to insulin toxicity.
Tissue damage is caused by leaked enzymes that become activated,initiating autodigestion,inflammation,oxidative stress,and acute pancreatitis.It is not due to autoimmune destruction.The cause is unknown.
Tissue damage is caused by leaked enzymes that become activated,initiating autodigestion,inflammation,oxidative stress,and acute pancreatitis.It is not due to hydrochloric acid reflux.

Quiz 34: Alterations of Digestive Function

The primary causes of duodenal ulcers include (select all that apply) :