Question 1

A nurse recalls the mast cell, a major activator of inflammation, initiates the inflammatory response through the process of:

Accepted Answer

Degranulation of mast cells is a major cellular component of inflammation.Chemotaxis is the process of white cell migration.Endocytosis and opsonization are parts of phagocytosis but are not factors in mast cell response.

Question 2

Which statement indicates teaching was successful regarding collectins? Collectins are produced by the:

Accepted Answer

Collectins are produced by the lungs.Collectins are not associated with the kidneys, bowel, or integumentary system.

Question 3

Which factor will help the nurse differentiate leukotrienes from histamine?

Accepted Answer

Leukotrienes are released slower and longer than histamine.Both leukotrienes and histamine are produced by mast cells, and they have similar vascular effects and chemotactic abilities.

Question 4

A child fell off a swing and scraped his right knee.The injured area becomes painful.What else will the nurse observe upon assessment?

Accepted Answer

Increased vascular permeability and leakage of fluid out of the vessel cause edema at the site of injury.Vasodilation occurs, bringing increased RBCs to the site and causing redness.

Question 5

The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the:

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site, arriving within 6-12 hours after the initial injury.Eosinophils help limit and control inflammation, but they are not the prominent phagocyte.Lymphocytes are part of the innate immune response.Macrophages kill microorganisms.

Question 6

When an aide asks the nurse about the purpose of the inflammatory process, how should the nurse respond?

Accepted Answer

One purpose of the inflammatory process is to prevent infection and further damage by contaminating microorganisms.Specific response toward antigens is a part of the complement system that assists in the inflammatory response, but not its purpose.Lysis of cell membranes is part of the process of phagocytosis, which removes foreign material.Immunity cannot be achieved against future tissue injury.

Question 7

The complement, clotting, and kinin systems share which of the following characteristics?

Accepted Answer

The complement system, the clotting system, and the kinin system are normally in inactive forms but can activate in a series as proenzymes and are involved in the inflammatory process.This system is not associated with phagocytosis, granulocyte production, or the activation of interferon.

Question 8

A public health nurse is teaching the community about health promotion.Which information should the nurse include for innate immunity? Innate immunity is gained:

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is present at birth.It is not dependent on illness or injection.

Question 9

A patient has researched bradykinin on the Internet.Which information indicates the patient understands the functions of bradykinin? Bradykinin is involved in:

Accepted Answer

Bradykinin increases vascular permeability.It is not associated with vasoconstriction, stimulating the clotting system, or increasing degradation of prostaglandins.

Question 10

Biochemical secretions that trap and kill microorganisms include:

Accepted Answer

Epithelial cells secrete several substances that protect against infection, including earwax.Hormones do not contain biochemical secretions that trap and kill microorganisms.Neurotransmitters carry important messages, and gastric acid helps break down food into its component parts, but neither contains biochemical secretions.

Question 11

A 20-year-old male received a knife wound to the arm during an altercation.Which of the following types of immunity was compromised?

Accepted Answer

The epithelial cells of the skin are a part of innate immunity.The inflammatory response is not a type of immunity.Adaptive immunity is represented by the normal flora of the bowel.Specific immunity is a type of adaptive immunity and is not associated with a break in skin integrity.

Question 12

After teaching the staff about the clotting system, which statement indicates the teaching was successful? The end product of the clotting system is:

Accepted Answer

The end product of the clotting system is fibrin.Plasmin activates the complement cascade.Collagen plays a factor in wound healing.Factor X is a first step in the clotting system.

Question 13

Which of the following individuals would be at greatest risk for an opportunistic infection?

Accepted Answer

Opportunistic microorganisms can cause disease if the individual's defenses are compromised.Diabetes, congestive heart failure, and pneumonia are not associated with immunocompromised disorders.

Question 14

The directional migration of leukocytes along a chemical gradient is termed:

Accepted Answer

Chemotaxis is the process by which leukocytes undergo directed migration.Endocytosis is a form of engulfment and a part of phagocytosis.Margination occurs when leukocytes adhere to endothelial cells in the walls of vessels.Diapedesis is the emigration of the cells through cell junctions that have loosened in response to inflammatory mediators.

Question 15

A 25-year-old female experiences a headache and takes aspirin for relief.A nurse recalls aspirin relieves the headache by:

Accepted Answer

Aspirin is a prostaglandin inhibitor.Aspirin is not associated with leukotriene production, histamine release, or platelet-activating factor.

Question 16

Which statement indicates teaching was successful regarding the classical pathway of the complement system? The classical pathway of the complement system is activated by:

Accepted Answer

The classical pathway of the complement system is activated by antibodies of the immune system, not by histamine, leukotrienes, or prostaglandins.

Question 17

A 25-year-old male is in a car accident and sustains a fracture to his left femur with extensive soft tissue injury.The pain associated with the injury is related to:

Accepted Answer

Prostaglandins cause increased vascular permeability, neutrophil chemotaxis, and pain by direct effects on nerves.Histamine promotes vasodilation.Prostaglandins are not associated with vasoconstriction or the immune complex formation.

Question 18

A 20-year-old male shoots his hand with a nail gun while replacing roofing shingles.Which of the following cell types would be the first to aid in killing bacteria to prevent infection in his hand?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site, arriving within 6-12 hours after the initial injury.Eosinophils help limit and control inflammation.Leukotrienes are activators of the inflammatory response.Monocytes enter much later and replace leukocytes.

Question 19

A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with a bacterial infection.Cultures of the bacteria revealed lipopolysaccharides on the bacterial cell surface.Which of the complement pathways would be activated in this case?

Accepted Answer

The alternative pathway is activated by several substances found on the surface of infectious organisms, such as those containing lipopolysaccharides.The classical pathway is primarily activated by antibodies that are proteins of the acquired immune system.The lectin pathway is similar to the classical pathway but is independent of antibody.It is activated by several plasma proteins.The kinin pathway is involved in coagulation.

Question 20

A 25-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting vaginal discharge of a white, viscous, and foul-smelling substance.She reports that she has been taking antibiotics for the past 6 months.Which finding will the nurse most likely see on the microorganism report?

Accepted Answer

Diminished colonization with Lactobacillus that occurs as a result of prolonged antibiotic treatment increases the risk for vaginal infections, such as vaginosis.Clostridium difficile and Candida albicans occur in the colon, not the vagina.Streptococcus overgrowth will occur in the mouth.

Quiz 6: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing