Question 1

An infant male experiences a constant dribbling of urine.His urethral opening is located behind the glans.Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe on the chart?
A) Anterior epispadias
B) Posterior epispadias
C) Exstrophy of the bladder
D) Bladder outlet obstruction

Accepted Answer

Anterior epispadias occurs when the urethral opening is small and situated behind the glans.Posterior epispadias occurs when a fissure extends the entire length of the penis and into the bladder neck.Exstrophy of the bladder occurs when the bladder is exposed on the abdominal wall.Bladder outlet obstruction occurs when urinary outflow is obstructed.

Question 2

In addition to a mass, the child with Wilms tumor may also exhibit which assessment finding? (select all that apply)
A) Abdominal pain
B) Enuresis
C) Hematuria
D) Weight gain
E) Fever

Accepted Answer

In addition to an abdominal mass, other presenting complaints include vague abdominal pain, hematuria, and fever.Enuresis and weight gain do not occur.

Question 3

A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with glomerulonephritis.Tests reveal the deposition of immunoglobulin IgA in the glomerular capillaries.The nurse will monitor for recurrent:
A) infections.
B) hematuria.
C) vomiting.
D) enuresis.

Accepted Answer

Recurrent hematuria is associated with glomerulonephritis that is complicated by the presence of immunoglobulin IgA.Neither recurrent infections, vomiting, nor enuresis is associated with this condition.

Question 4

A 5-year-old male was diagnosed with glomerulonephritis.History reveals that he had an infection 3 weeks before the onset of this condition.The infection was most likely located in the:
A) bone.
B) gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
C) respiratory tract.
D) ear.

Accepted Answer

The location of the infection leading to glomerulonephritis is the respiratory tract, not the bone, GI tract, or the ear.

Question 5

A 15-year-old presents with flank pain, irritability, malaise, and fever and is diagnosed with glomerulonephritis.What is the most likely cause of this condition?
A) Poststreptococcal infection
B) Nephropathy
C) Nephrotic syndrome
D) Potter syndrome

Accepted Answer

Glomerulonephritis is most likely related to a post-strep infection.It is not related to nephropathy, nephrotic syndrome, or Potter syndrome.

Question 6

A nurse observes on the chart that a patient is admitted with Wilms tumors.A nurse knows the tumors are found in the:
A) kidneys.
B) ureters.
C) bladder.
D) urethra.

Accepted Answer

Wilms tumor is found in the kidneys.Its location is not associated with the ureters, bladder, or the urethra.

Question 7

If nephrotic syndrome is not caused initially by kidney disease, it is termed _____ nephrotic syndrome.
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) idiopathic

Accepted Answer

Nephrotic syndrome that is not initially caused by kidney disease is referred to a secondary, not primary, nephrotic syndrome.Nephrotic syndrome is not generally associated with the terms, tertiary or idiopathic.

Question 8

When a child is admitted with acute renal failure, a clinician realizes the most common cause of acute renal failure is:
A) glomerulonephritis.
B) obstruction.
C) nephrotic syndrome.
D) hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).

Accepted Answer

HUS is the most common cause of acute renal failure in children.Glomerulonephritis can lead to renal failure, but it is not the most common.While either obstruction or nephrotic syndrome could contribute to renal failure, neither is not the most common cause.

Question 9

A 7-year-old is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome.Which sign would support this diagnosis?
A) Constipation
B) Vesicular skin rash
C) Frothy urine
D) Jaundice

Accepted Answer

In the child with nephrotic syndrome, the parents may notice diminished, frothy, or foamy urine output.Nephrotic syndrome is not associated with constipation, a vesicular skin rash, or jaundice.

Question 10

A 4-year-old male is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome.Which of the following assessment findings accompanies this condition?
A) Proteinuria
B) Decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
C) Hematuria
D) Sodium loss

Accepted Answer

Proteinuria accompanies nephrotic syndrome.The BUN may be elevated.Foamy, not bloody, urine accompanies nephrotic syndrome.Sodium loss does not accompany nephrotic syndrome.

Question 11

What term is used to describe a chronic renal failure caused by a lack of development of one of the kidneys?
A) Renal dysplasia
B) Renal agenesis
C) Hypoplastic kidney
D) Renal aplasia

Accepted Answer

During embryologic development, the ureteric duct grows into the metanephric tissue, triggering the formation of the kidneys.If this growth does not occur, the kidney is absent, a condition called renal aplasia.Renal dysplasia usually results from abnormal differentiation of the renal tissues.Renal agenesis is the absence of one or both kidneys.Hypoplastic kidney is small with a decreased number of nephrons.

Question 12

Upon examination of a male infant, it is determined that the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis.The nurse will document this condition as:
A) hypospadias.
B) epispadias.
C) hydroureter.
D) cryptorchidism.

Accepted Answer

When the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis, it is referred to as hypospadias.Epispadias occurs when the urethral meatus is on the dorsal surface of the penis.Hydroureter is not associated with the urethra.Cryptorchidism refers to undescended testes.

Question 13

A 2-year-old male is diagnosed with Wilms tumor.Which clinical condition is often associated with this disease?
A) Cystic disease of the liver
B) Aniridia
C) Anemia
D) Hypothyroidism

Accepted Answer

Children with Wilms tumor often have other congenital anomalies, including aniridia, a lack of an iris in the eye.Wilms tumor is not associated with cystic liver, anemia, or hypothyroidism.

Question 14

Physical examination of a newborn who dies shortly after birth reveals wide-set eyes, parrot-beak nose, low-set ears, and receding chin.These abnormalities support which diagnosis?
A) Unilateral renal agenesis
B) Potter syndrome
C) Renal aplasia
D) Renal dysplasia

Accepted Answer

Potter syndrome is manifested by wide-set eyes, parrot-beak nose, low-set ears, and receding chin.Neither unilateral renal agenesis, renal aplasia, nor renal dysplasia is associated with other congenital anomalies.

Question 15

What term is used to describe a retrograde flow of urine from the urinary bladder into the ureters that is the cause of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
A) Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
B) Vesicourethral reflux
C) Vesicoureteral influx
D) Hydronephrosis

Accepted Answer

VUR is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the kidney or ureters, or both.
The condition is ureteral, not urethral.It results in reflux, not influx.Reflux could lead to pyelonephritis, not hydronephrosis.

Question 16

A 6-year-old male diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux is experiencing urine reflux from the urinary bladder into a grossly dilated ureter and calyces.This condition would be graded:
A) I.
B) II.
C) III.
D) IV.

Accepted Answer

The patient has symptoms of grade IV reflux.Grade I involves a nondilated ureter.
Grade II does not involve dilation.Grade III does not involve gross dilation.

Question 17

The life expectancy of infants who are diagnosed with bilateral renal agenesis is expected to be:
A) death within 1 year of birth.
B) a fairly normal, healthy life.
C) death within a few hours of birth.
D) good when anomalies are corrected with surgery.

Accepted Answer

Bilateral renal agenesis is a rare disorder incompatible with extrauterine life.The infant lives only a few hours.

Question 18

A 7-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for incontinence.His mother indicates that he has never been continent before.This history supports which form of enuresis?
A) Nocturnal
B) Diurnal
C) Primary
D) Secondary

Accepted Answer

Primary incontinence (enuresis)means the child has never been continent.Nocturnal enuresis is nighttime incontinence while diurnal would indicate during the day.With secondary incontinence, the child would have had a period of continence, which this child did not.

Question 19

Which of the following clusters of symptoms would support a child's diagnosis of glomerulonephritis?
A) Pyuria, fever, and abdominal pain
B) Proteinuria, hypotension, and ascites
C) Dysuria, urinary frequency, and abdominal tenderness
D) Gross hematuria, edema, and hypertension

Accepted Answer

The child with glomerulonephritis typically experiences gross or microscopic hematuria, proteinuria, edema, renal insufficiency, flank pain, and hypertension.Pyuria and abdominal pain are typically not present while dysuria and urinary frequency are symptoms of cystitis.

Quiz 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

An infant male experiences a constant dribbling of urine.His urethral opening is located behind the glans.Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe on the chart?

In addition to a mass, the child with Wilms tumor may also exhibit which assessment finding? (select all that apply)

A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with glomerulonephritis.Tests reveal the deposition of immunoglobulin IgA in the glomerular capillaries.The nurse will monitor for recurrent:

A 5-year-old male was diagnosed with glomerulonephritis.History reveals that he had an infection 3 weeks before the onset of this condition.The infection was most likely located in the:

A 15-year-old presents with flank pain, irritability, malaise, and fever and is diagnosed with glomerulonephritis.What is the most likely cause of this condition?

A nurse observes on the chart that a patient is admitted with Wilms tumors.A nurse knows the tumors are found in the:

If nephrotic syndrome is not caused initially by kidney disease, it is termed _____ nephrotic syndrome.

When a child is admitted with acute renal failure, a clinician realizes the most common cause of acute renal failure is:

A 7-year-old is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome.Which sign would support this diagnosis?

A 4-year-old male is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome.Which of the following assessment findings accompanies this condition?

What term is used to describe a chronic renal failure caused by a lack of development of one of the kidneys?

Upon examination of a male infant, it is determined that the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis.The nurse will document this condition as:

A 2-year-old male is diagnosed with Wilms tumor.Which clinical condition is often associated with this disease?

Physical examination of a newborn who dies shortly after birth reveals wide-set eyes, parrot-beak nose, low-set ears, and receding chin.These abnormalities support which diagnosis?

What term is used to describe a retrograde flow of urine from the urinary bladder into the ureters that is the cause of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) ?

A 6-year-old male diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux is experiencing urine reflux from the urinary bladder into a grossly dilated ureter and calyces.This condition would be graded:

The life expectancy of infants who are diagnosed with bilateral renal agenesis is expected to be:

A 7-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for incontinence.His mother indicates that he has never been continent before.This history supports which form of enuresis?

Which of the following clusters of symptoms would support a child's diagnosis of glomerulonephritis?