Question 1

A 54-year-old male intravenous (IV) drug user is diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C. Testing revealed that he is a candidate for treatment. Which of the following could be used to treat his condition?

Accepted Answer

Interferons (IFNs) are used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, often in combination with other antiviral medications.

Question 2

After which injury would healing by secondary intention occur?

Accepted Answer

Healing by secondary intention occurs when the wound edges cannot be brought together, as in a stage IV pressure ulcer, which involves significant tissue loss and requires granulation tissue formation.

Question 3

A 65-year-old female is diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer. She has developed muscle wasting. Which of the following substances would be produced in large quantities to eliminate the tumour cells and cause muscle wasting?

Accepted Answer

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is known to cause muscle wasting (cachexia) in cancer patients. It is produced in large quantities in response to tumour cells.

Question 4

A 30-year-old male was involved in a motor vehicle accident. The glass from the shattered window cut his face and neck. The scar, however, was raised and extended beyond the original boundaries of the wound. This pattern of scarring is caused by impaired:

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 30-year-old male was involved in a...

Question 5

An 8-year-old female presents with edema of the cutaneous and mucosal tissue layers. Her mother reports that the condition is recurrent and seems to occur more often during stressful situations. The child is diagnosed with hereditary angioedema. Which of the following is deficient in this child?

Accepted Answer

Hereditary angioedema is a genetic condition that results in a deficiency or dysfunction of C1 esterase inhibitor, which is a protein that regulates the complement and clotting systems. The deficiency leads to uncontrolled activation of these systems, causing edema in the skin and mucous membranes. The other choices listed (B, C, and D) are not typically involved in the pathogenesis of hereditary angioedema.

Question 6

During inflammation, the liver is stimulated to release plasma proteins, collectively known as:

Accepted Answer

During inflammation, the liver is stimulated to release acute phase reactants, such as C-reactive protein and fibrinogen, which are plasma proteins that increase in concentration during inflammation. Opsonins are proteins that mark pathogens for destruction by immune cells, antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to specific pathogens, and phagolysosomes are cellular structures involved in the process of phagocytosis.

Question 7

What process of inflammation describes phagocytes sticking to capillary walls?

Accepted Answer

Margination is the process where phagocytes stick to the capillary walls during inflammation.

Question 8

Physical barriers that offer the body protection from damage and infection are located in the: (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Physical barriers are the first line of defense for the body against infections and damages. The gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and respiratory tract are all locations where physical barriers such as mucus, cilia, and skin protect the body from invaders. The lymph system and hematopoietic system are not physical barriers but are actually parts of the immune system.

Question 9

The nurse identified each of the following clinical manifestations of inflammation. Which would the nurse classify as a local response? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Local response refers to the specific area where the inflammation occurs. Redness, swelling, heat, and pain are all local manifestations. Fever, on the other hand, is a systemic manifestation of inflammation.

Question 10

A 5-year-old is infected with toxoplasmosis after cleaning the litter box that belongs to the family cat, and not washing her hands properly afterward. What is typical of this type of infection?

Accepted Answer

Toxoplasmosis typically leads to chronic inflammation and granuloma formation as the immune system attempts to contain the infection caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite.

Question 11

A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with a parasitic infection. Which laboratory result should the nurse check for a response to the parasite?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophils are white blood cells that increase in number in response to parasitic infections, so elevated eosinophil levels would indicate a response to the parasite.

Question 12

A nurse is preparing to teach on the subject of opsonins. Which information should the nurse include?

Accepted Answer

Opsonins are molecules that enhance phagocytosis by marking antigens for an immune response, making them more recognizable and easier for phagocytes to engulf and destroy.

Question 13

The postsurgical patient is experiencing delayed wound healing. The dietitian believes the delay is related to nutritional intake. A deficiency in which of the following substances could directly affect healing?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is essential for collagen synthesis, which is a key component of wound healing.

Question 14

What cytokine, released by many cells, stimulates cell division and differentiation?

Accepted Answer

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in cell division and differentiation.

Question 15

A 35-year-old male is diagnosed with lobar pneumonia (lung infection). Which of the following exudates would be present in highest concentration at the site of this advanced inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 35-year-old male is diagnosed with lobar...

Question 16

The nurse is reviewing the laboratory data of a newly admitted patient. The nurse notes that the patient had an erythrocyte sedimentation done, and the results are quite elevated. The nurse would focus the care plan on which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

An elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is commonly associated with inflammation, indicating the nurse should focus on conditions related to inflammatory processes.

Question 17

An infant develops a fever secondary to a bacterial infection. Which of the following most likely triggered the fever?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-1 is a pyrogenic cytokine that is released in response to bacterial infections and triggers the hypothalamus to raise the body's temperature, resulting in fever. Interleukin-6 is also a pyrogenic cytokine but is more commonly involved in the acute phase response to infections. Interleukin-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses the immune response. Interferons are involved in viral defense mechanisms and not typically involved in bacterial infections.

Quiz 6: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing