Question 1

In Maslow's hierarchy, managers must first ensure a person's ________ needs are fulfilled in order to have a motivated workforce.

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, physiological needs are the most basic and must be satisfied first before higher-level needs can motivate individuals.

Question 2

According to the expectancy theory, how should Sean motivate his staff to increase sales by 10 percent?

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory suggests that motivation is influenced by the expected outcomes of actions. Offering a commission bonus directly links performance (increased sales) to a desirable reward (bonus), aligning with the theory's principles.

Question 3

According to the expectancy theory, the term ________ refers to how desirable each of the outcomes available from an organization is to a person.

Accepted Answer

Valence refers to the value or importance an individual places on the rewards of an outcome, making it a key component of expectancy theory in determining motivation.

Question 4

According to the expectancy theory, a manager wanting to motivate using instrumentality should

Accepted Answer

Instrumentality in expectancy theory refers to the belief that a person will receive a reward if the performance expectation is met. Therefore, defining an incentive plan that links greater outcomes to higher performance directly addresses instrumentality by ensuring that employees see a clear connection between their performance and the rewards they receive.

Question 5

Diego is a hard worker. However, in his current organization, he feels that no matter how much effort he puts in, the environment limits his level of performance. In the context of expectancy theory, Diego is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Diego feels that his effort does not lead to better performance due to environmental constraints, which indicates low expectancy in expectancy theory.

Question 6

Providing adequate medical benefits and safe working conditions addresses an employee's need for ________ in the context of Maslow's hierarchy.

Accepted Answer

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, safety needs include protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, and freedom from fear. Providing medical benefits and safe working conditions addresses these safety needs.

Question 7

According to the expectancy theory, motivation is high when people

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory posits that motivation is high when individuals believe that their effort will lead to high performance, which will then lead to the attainment of desired outcomes or goals.

Question 8

In the context of Maslow's hierarchy, managers should

Accepted Answer

Managers should understand that once a need is satisfied, it no longer serves as a motivator. Therefore, they should identify which needs are unmet for each employee to effectively motivate them.

Question 9

By giving employees the opportunity to realize their full potential, a manager satisfies the employees' ________ needs according to Maslow's hierarchy.

Accepted Answer

Self-actualization needs are at the top of Maslow's hierarchy and involve realizing personal potential and self-fulfillment.

Question 10

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, what behavior might an employee exhibit relative to needs fulfillment?

Accepted Answer

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, if an employee is frustrated with fulfilling needs at a certain level, they may regress to focusing on a lower-level need, a concept known as the frustration-regression principle.

Question 11

________ explains why employees are highly motivated if they believe that working hard will lead to high performance and ultimately desired outcomes.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory posits that employees are motivated when they believe that their effort will lead to high performance and that this performance will lead to desired outcomes or rewards.

Question 12

How could a manager use expectancy theory to boost employees' motivation?

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory suggests that motivation is influenced by the belief that effort will lead to performance and performance will lead to desired outcomes. Expressing confidence in employees' abilities can enhance their belief in their capability to achieve goals, thus boosting motivation.

Question 13

In what way do the theories of Maslow and Alderfer resemble each other?

Accepted Answer

Both Maslow's and Alderfer's theories suggest that as lower-level needs are satisfied, individuals are motivated to pursue higher-level needs.

Question 14

As countries become wealthier and have higher standards of living, Maslow's hierarchy contends that ________ needs are likely to become the primary motivators of behavior.

Accepted Answer

As countries become wealthier, basic needs like physiological and safety are generally met, leading individuals to focus on higher-level needs such as self-actualization, which involves realizing personal potential and self-fulfillment.

Question 15

A(n)________ is a requirement for survival and well-being.

Accepted Answer

A "need" is a fundamental requirement for survival and well-being, encompassing basic necessities such as food, water, shelter, and safety.

Question 16

________ proposes that all people seek to satisfy five basic kinds of needs: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory proposes that all people seek to satisfy five basic kinds of needs: physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 17

________ identified three universal categories of need: existence, relatedness, and growth.

Accepted Answer

Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory identified the three universal categories of need: existence, relatedness, and growth.

Question 18

A manager provides outcomes to his subordinates for good performance in the form of rewards that they value. According to expectancy theory, the manager is motivating through

Accepted Answer

Valence refers to the value or importance an individual places on the rewards of an outcome. By providing rewards that subordinates value, the manager is addressing the valence component of expectancy theory.

Question 19

According to Maslow's hierarchy, a company is addressing the need for ________ when it organizes a yearly picnic for employees and their families.

Accepted Answer

The yearly picnic fosters social connections and a sense of community, addressing the need for belongingness in Maslow's hierarchy.

Question 20

Liv is very dedicated and believes that if she puts in the effort to perform at a high level, her organization will provide financial rewards and growth opportunities. According to expectancy theory, this belief demonstrates the concept of

Accepted Answer

Instrumentality in expectancy theory refers to the belief that if one performs well, then a valued outcome will be received, such as financial rewards and growth opportunities.

Quiz 13: Motivation and Performance