Question 1

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?
A) Overprotectiveness and criticism
B) Neglectfulness and indifference
C) Enmeshment and fear
D) Patience and tolerance

Accepted Answer

Overprotectiveness can make children feel like they are not capable of handling things on their own, while criticism can make them feel like they are not good enough. These feelings of inadequacy can lead to shame and self-doubt.

Question 2

Lillian is in those "terrible twos" where she wants to do everything herself. She wants to put on her own clothes and shoes, decide just how her toys should be arranged, and even how to pour milk on her cereal. According to Erikson, Lillian is exploring:
A) curiosity.
B) trust.
C) autonomy.
D) initiative.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the "terrible twos" is when children are exploring autonomy versus shame and doubt. This stage is characterized by a child's desire to assert independence and do things on their own.

Question 3

Engaging in face-to-face play primarily promotes an infant's _____ development.
A) psychosocial
B) cognitive
C) physical
D) biological

Accepted Answer

Face-to-face play primarily promotes an infant's psychosocial development by fostering social interaction and emotional bonding with caregivers.

Question 4

According to John Bowlby, at what age do infants/children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?
A) Before six months
B) Between 12 and 18 months
C) Between 18 and 20 months
D) 24 months

Accepted Answer

According to John Bowlby, by around 24 months, children begin to develop a more complex understanding of relationships and start to consider the feelings and intentions of others, marking the beginning of more reciprocal social interactions.

Question 5

In terms of infant social sophistication and insight, researchers have found that infants exhibit these characteristics:
A) after their second birthday.
B) only in familiar settings.
C) much later than scholars originally believed.
D) earlier than scholars originally believed.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infants demonstrate social sophistication and insight earlier than scholars originally believed, indicating that they have a greater understanding of social interactions and cues at a younger age than previously thought.

Question 6

Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than scholars previously envisioned. In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?
A) In infants' perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal directed
B) In infants' awareness of the "self" as an independent entity
C) In infants' development of more finely refined sensory perceptions, such as vision and hearing
D) In infants' ability to manipulate objects in an effective manner

Accepted Answer

Infants' social sophistication and insight are reflected in their ability to perceive others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal-directed, indicating an early understanding of social interactions and intentions.

Question 7

While Larissa was looking through recent family photos she had printed, her two-year-old daughter pointed to her picture and said, "Me!" This shows that her daughter is developing:
A) self-recognition.
B) self-awareness.
C) trust.
D) temperament.

Accepted Answer

Self-recognition is the ability to recognize oneself in a photo or mirror, which is a developmental milestone typically reached around the age of two.

Question 8

Which concept helps the infant to understand that other people have intentions?
A) Habituation
B) Joint attention
C) Core knowledge approach
D) A-not-B error

Accepted Answer

Joint attention is the concept that helps infants understand that other people have intentions, as it involves shared focus and understanding between individuals.

Question 9

Unfortunately Lincoln, now in those "terrible twos," spends most of his waking hours with a babysitter who scolds him continually. Every time he tries to feed himself or play, the babysitter takes things away, tells him he is making a mess, and calls him a bad boy. According to Erikson, if Lincoln remains in this situation for a long time he will develop:
A) guilt.
B) mistrust.
C) doubt.
D) fear.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, during the "terrible twos," children are in the stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. If a child is overly criticized or controlled, they may develop feelings of doubt about their abilities.

Question 10

The fact that infants are captivated by the social world, are attuned to the sounds of human voices, and stare intently at the faces of their caregivers is reflective of their:
A) social orientation.
B) abstract thinking.
C) need for autonomy.
D) desire for independence.

Accepted Answer

Infants' interest in human voices and faces indicates their social orientation, as they are naturally inclined to engage with and learn from their social environment.

Question 11

An infant's ability to crawl, walk, and eventually run is called:
A) locomotion.
B) social referencing.
C) scaffolding.
D) emotional regulation.

Accepted Answer

Locomotion refers to the ability to move from one place to another, which includes crawling, walking, and running.

Question 12

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of _____ versus shame and doubt.
A) curiosity
B) independence
C) autonomy
D) initiative

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's second stage of personality development is "autonomy versus shame and doubt," where children learn to develop a sense of personal control and independence.

Question 13

According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object:
A) that is perceived as a non-stranger.
B) that provides physical comfort.
C) that provides oral satisfaction.
D) that provides a sense of trust.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that infants become attached to the person or object that provides oral satisfaction, typically the mother, as she is usually the one who feeds the infant.

Question 14

What did Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers show regarding the attachment process?
A) Contact comfort is the crucial element if it occurs immediately after the monkey is born.
B) Feeding is the crucial element when the monkey was breast fed.
C) Contact comfort is the crucial element regardless of the age of the monkey.
D) Feeding and contact comfort are equally important.

Accepted Answer

Harlow's experiments demonstrated that contact comfort, rather than feeding, was the crucial element in the attachment process, as monkeys preferred the soft, comforting surrogate mother over the wire one that provided food.

Question 15

Juan has been showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play; he goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running. Juan is probably:
A) around 6 months old.
B) between 6 and 9 months old.
C) between 12 and 18 months old.
D) between 18 and 24 months old.

Accepted Answer

Between 18 and 24 months, children typically engage in more complex imitative and reciprocal play, including imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running.

Question 16

While it is true that most parents have rushed their two- or three-year-olds by doing something for them, according to Erikson, the real risk of developing _____ comes when children are constantly told and shown all the things they broke, messed up, or did wrong while trying to do things on their own.
A) inferiority
B) mistrust
C) guilt and fear
D) shame and doubt

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the stage for toddlers (ages 1-3) is "Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt." If children are overly criticized or controlled, they may develop feelings of shame and doubt about their abilities.

Question 17

During phase one of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is MOST likely to occur?
A) An infant will show signs of attachment toward the caregiver and anxiety toward strangers.
B) An infant will begin to attach to one person and can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.
C) An infant is securely attached to the mother but is still trying to form an attachment with the father.
D) An infant is likely to exhibit smiling or crying in response to strangers, siblings, or parents.

Accepted Answer

During phase one, infants are not yet attached to any specific person and will respond to a variety of people, including strangers, siblings, or parents, with behaviors like smiling or crying.

Question 18

While working at a day-care center, Sherry notices two children working together to pull a box of toys to the middle of the room. From her lifespan class in college Sherry knows this doesn't happen until children are around:
A) 6 months old.
B) 12 months old.
C) 18 months old.
D) 24 months old.

Accepted Answer

Children typically begin to engage in cooperative play, such as working together to achieve a goal, around the age of 24 months (2 years old).

Question 19

According to Erikson, establishing the lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place starts with physical comfort and _____.
A) sensitive care
B) feeding
C) imitation
D) peer interactions

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory emphasizes that trust is developed in infancy through physical comfort and sensitive care, leading to the belief that the world is a good place.

Question 20

Melissa noticed that her youngest daughter, almost two years old, has just started trying to imitate her big sister who is five years old and pretending to be a cheerleader. Her youngest daughter is showing:
A) temperament.
B) attachment.
C) imitation and reciprocal play.
D) self awareness.

Accepted Answer

The youngest daughter is demonstrating imitation and reciprocal play by trying to mimic her older sister's actions.

Quiz 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

Lillian is in those "terrible twos" where she wants to do everything herself. She wants to put on her own clothes and shoes, decide just how her toys should be arranged, and even how to pour milk on her cereal. According to Erikson, Lillian is exploring:

Engaging in face-to-face play primarily promotes an infant's _____ development.

According to John Bowlby, at what age do infants/children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?

In terms of infant social sophistication and insight, researchers have found that infants exhibit these characteristics:

Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than scholars previously envisioned. In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?

While Larissa was looking through recent family photos she had printed, her two-year-old daughter pointed to her picture and said, "Me!" This shows that her daughter is developing:

Which concept helps the infant to understand that other people have intentions?

The fact that infants are captivated by the social world, are attuned to the sounds of human voices, and stare intently at the faces of their caregivers is reflective of their:

An infant's ability to crawl, walk, and eventually run is called:

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of _____ versus shame and doubt.

According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object:

What did Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers show regarding the attachment process?

Juan has been showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play; he goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running. Juan is probably:

During phase one of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is MOST likely to occur?

While working at a day-care center, Sherry notices two children working together to pull a box of toys to the middle of the room. From her lifespan class in college Sherry knows this doesn't happen until children are around:

According to Erikson, establishing the lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place starts with physical comfort and _____.

Melissa noticed that her youngest daughter, almost two years old, has just started trying to imitate her big sister who is five years old and pretending to be a cheerleader. Her youngest daughter is showing: