Question 1

Let's say that your self-concept includes the belief that you are a strong supporter of the environment. However, you do not recycle and you drive a large, gas-powered SUV. According to Rogers and the humanist approach, you would have problems of

Accepted Answer

According to Rogers and the humanist approach, having a self-concept that includes being a strong supporter of the environment but not acting in ways that align with this belief (e.g., not recycling, driving a gas-powered SUV) would lead to problems of self-congruence. Self-congruence refers to the alignment between one's self-concept and one's actions or experiences.

Question 2

If you wanted to give a personality test to people as a screening device for hiring in any industrial or business setting, which of the following would you choose?

Accepted Answer

The answer of If you wanted to give a personality...

Question 3

As a therapist, you are evaluating a patient's degree of self-efficacy. Which of the following would you believe to be the most important area to investigate?

Accepted Answer

Previous performance attainments are the most reliable indicators of self-efficacy because they provide concrete evidence of what an individual can achieve, directly influencing their belief in their ability to succeed in future tasks.

Question 4

George's parents have always told him that he has to do better in school. Even when he gets all A's they remind him that he has to do better. Now George feels pressure to perform at school, even though a B would be an acceptable grade for him. According to Roger's self theory, George feels this way because

Accepted Answer

George feels this way because he has developed conditions of worth, which are standards that we believe we must meet to be valued by others. In this case, George feels he must achieve high grades to be valued by his parents.

Question 5

Yan and Peggy have been in a relationship for over 10 years. Recently, they broke up. Yan believes that he and Peggy are incompatible and do not like the same things. Peggy thinks that Yan is seeing someone else. According to George Kelly's humanistic approach, Yan and Peggy have

Accepted Answer

George Kelly's theory of personal constructs suggests that individuals use personal constructs (like mental templates or frameworks) to interpret events and people around them, including relationships. Yan and Peggy's differing views on the reasons for their breakup indicate they are using different personal constructs to understand their relationship and its end.

Question 6

Vivian is trying to learn to play the guitar. She has been encouraged by her friends and family and last year, she learned to play piano. Vivian believes that she can do this. Most likely, Vivian has

Accepted Answer

Vivian's belief in her ability to learn to play the guitar, especially after successfully learning to play the piano, indicates a high degree of self-efficacy. Self-efficacy refers to one's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

Question 7

Professor Santos has just developed a new personality test to measure aggression. He finds that he gets the same results when he gives the test to students in September and then again in January. This test is

Accepted Answer

The test is high in reliability because it produces consistent results over time when administered to the same subjects, indicating that it measures what it is supposed to in a consistent manner.

Question 8

Juan is struggling with his self-image. He is a strong believer in environmental policies, but continues to drive a large gas-guzzling car. According to Rogers, Juan is having problems with

Accepted Answer

Juan's situation illustrates a lack of self-congruence, which refers to the alignment between an individual's self-image and their actions or behaviors. In this case, Juan's actions (driving a large, gas-guzzling car) are not consistent with his beliefs (strong support for environmental policies), leading to a conflict or lack of congruence between his self-image and behaviors.

Question 9

Juan is struggling with his self-image. He believes that we should cut greenhouse gas emissions, but also thinks that people should be able to drive whatever kind of car they want to. According to Rogers, Juan is having problems with

Accepted Answer

The answer of Juan is struggling with his self-image. He...

Question 10

A young boy is moving from the phallic stage to the latency stage in Freud's psychosexual model. According to Freud, the crisis he needs to resolve is

Accepted Answer

The Oedipus complex is the crisis that needs to be resolved during the phallic stage, according to Freud's psychosexual stages of development. This stage occurs roughly between the ages of 3 and 6 years.

Question 11

You are having a discussion with a therapist, but you're not sure what kind of therapist she is. You suspect that she is a follower of Jung's analytic psychology. If you're right, she would probably use all of the following phrases EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Jung's analytic psychology includes concepts such as the personal unconscious, collective unconscious, archetypes, and the good mother. However, "personal constructs" is a term from George Kelly's personal construct theory, not Jung's analytic psychology.

Question 12

Santiago does not pay much attention to politics. He believes that the world is run by powerful people and there really isn't much he can do about it. According to Rotter's theory on locus of control we would expect Santiago to have

Accepted Answer

Santiago's belief that the world is run by powerful people and that his actions have little impact suggests he has an external locus of control. This means he attributes outcomes to external factors or forces beyond his personal control.

Question 13

Of the following, which one would NOT be used by an individual who follows the psychodynamic model?

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic model focuses on unconscious processes and includes concepts like the collective unconscious (B), archetypes (C), and object relations (D). Personal constructs (E), however, are part of George Kelly's personal construct theory, which is a cognitive approach to understanding personality and human behavior, not a psychodynamic approach.

Question 14

Your friend Julie always puts salt on her food whether it needs it or not. She doesn't even taste it first. If you had to predict, you would probably say that Julie was

Accepted Answer

Julie's behavior of not adjusting her actions (in this case, salting her food) based on social cues or the specific situation suggests she is low in self-monitoring. High self-monitors are more likely to adjust their behavior to fit social norms or expectations, whereas low self-monitors act consistently across different situations, regardless of social cues.

Question 15

Let's say that you want to learn to play the guitar. According to Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, all of the following should help EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Bandura's theory of self-efficacy suggests that self-efficacy is increased through mastery experiences, vicarious experiences (observing others), verbal persuasion, and managing physiological states. Financial incentives, such as being paid to practice, do not directly increase one's belief in their ability to succeed in a task, which is the focus of self-efficacy.

Question 16

Professor Santos has just developed a new personality test to measure aggression. He finds that people who show both verbal and physical aggression score high on the test. Others score low. This test is

Accepted Answer

The test is high in validity because it accurately measures what it is supposed to measure, which in this case is aggression, as indicated by its ability to distinguish between individuals who show verbal and physical aggression and those who do not.

Question 17

Josh is unable to make moral decisions. He cannot tell what is right from what is wrong. According to Freud, there would have been insufficient development of the

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the superego is responsible for moral standards and ideals. Insufficient development of the superego would result in an inability to make moral decisions or distinguish right from wrong.

Question 18

Juan and Emile are in a relationship. Emile feels that she has to be smart in order for Juan to be pleased with her. Sometimes she wishes that Juan would just love her for who she is. According to Carl Rogers and his theory of the self, Emile is experiencing

Accepted Answer

Emile is experiencing conditions of worth, where she feels she must meet certain conditions (being smart) to be valued by Juan, rather than being accepted for who she is.

Question 19

In her practice, Dr. Wong uses the principle of reciprocal determinism. Consequently, she would be most concerned with assessing

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal determinism, a concept introduced by Albert Bandura, suggests that a person's behavior is influenced by the interaction between their personal factors (including cognitive processes), their behavior, and their environment. Therefore, Dr. Wong would assess all of these aspects to understand and address her patient's issues comprehensively.

Question 20

If you wanted to be successful in achieving your goals, you should do all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Setting negative goals focuses on what you don't want to achieve, which can be counterproductive to motivation and clarity in goal setting. Positive, specific, measurable, and time-bound goals are more effective in guiding actions towards success.

Quiz 14: Personality