Question 1

According to Rogers, congruence is achieved when ________.

Accepted Answer

Congruence, according to Carl Rogers, is when a person's self-perceptions are consistent with their experiences, meaning there is alignment between how they view themselves and their actual experiences.

Question 2

Carl Rogers suggested the negative outcome called 'conditions of worth' could be prevented by ________.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed that 'conditions of worth' could be prevented by offering unconditional positive regard, which means accepting and supporting someone regardless of what they say or do.

Question 3

Rogers's notion of self-enhancement refers to people's need to ________.

Accepted Answer

Rogers believed that people have an inherent drive to gain and maintain a positive self-image or self-esteem. This need for self-enhancement motivates individuals to seek out information and experiences that confirm their positive self-image and to avoid those that threaten it.

Question 4

Whereas Sigmund Freud maintained that human behaviour is directed by _______________, Carl Rogers asserted that people's actions are determined by ______________.

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasizes unconscious forces and desires as the primary drivers of human behavior, while Rogers' humanistic approach focuses on the individual's current experience of self and environment as the main determinants of behavior.

Question 5

A student thinks they are not very good at academics. The student thinks they are often more confused than others, and has to work very hard to understand the simplest of concepts. The student hopes to be able to complete coursework for a program but often reminds themselves not to expect much of their intellectual abilities. In the last term, the student received an 'A+' grade in a difficult course and her instructor commented that paper was excellent and insightful. If The student gives a congruent explanation for this outcome, they might say ________.

Accepted Answer

The student has a negative self-perception of their academic abilities, so they might attribute their success to external factors like the instructor being nice, rather than acknowledging their own capabilities.

Question 6

A student is very happy with life: The student is a persistent high achiever, is less susceptible to social pressure, and has very fewer interpersonal problems. The student has a ___________.

Accepted Answer

High self-esteem is often associated with being a high achiever, resisting social pressure, and having fewer interpersonal problems.

Question 7

According to humanistic theory, a child who receives ____________ from her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with _____________, which determine the circumstances under which people approve or disapprove of themselves.

Accepted Answer

According to humanistic theory, particularly the work of Carl Rogers, receiving unconditional positive regard from parents helps a child avoid the problems associated with conditions of worth, which are the standards we believe we must meet to earn approval from others.

Question 8

Unstable or unrealistically high self-esteem may be even more dangerous to the individual and society than __________.

Accepted Answer

Unstable or unrealistically high self-esteem can lead to various negative outcomes, such as aggression or failure to acknowledge personal flaws, which can be more detrimental than low self-esteem. Low self-esteem is recognized for its potential to cause issues like depression or lack of confidence, but the dangers of inflated self-esteem, including risk-taking behaviors and interpersonal conflicts, can be even more harmful to both the individual and society.

Question 9

A central concept in Carl Rogers's theory is our consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs about ourselves and is referred to as _______________.

Accepted Answer

The term "the self" in Carl Rogers's theory refers to the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself. This concept is central to understanding how individuals perceive their own identity and interact with the world around them.

Question 10

Carl Rogers believed that ____________ can produce serious negative consequences for people by creating significant _____________ between self-perceptions and experience along with a need to distort or alter important experiences.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers posited that conditions of worth, which are expectations or standards we feel we must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others, can lead to incongruence. This incongruence arises when there's a discrepancy between our self-perceptions and our experiences, causing us to distort or deny experiences that don't align with our self-image.

Question 11

A student has the belief that they are good in math, but has just received her first "D" grade in freshman calculus class. This inconsistency will most likely generate what Carl Rogers termed ________.

Accepted Answer

This inconsistency between the student's self-perception and their actual performance is likely to generate a threat, according to Carl Rogers. This is because the negative feedback (receiving a "D" grade) challenges the student's self-concept of being good in math, leading to psychological discomfort or threat.

Question 12

According to Carl Rogers, fully functioning people have no fear of behaving __________ and are mostly free of _________.

Accepted Answer

Rogers believed that fully functioning individuals behave spontaneously and creatively, and they are mostly free of conditions of worth, which are expectations placed on them by others that they feel they must meet to be valued.

Question 13

Despite evidence to the contrary, a student thinks that they are probably smarter than most people. These beliefs are consistent with which motive? Self- _______________.

Accepted Answer

The belief of being smarter than most people, despite contrary evidence, aligns with the self-enhancement motive. This motive drives individuals to maintain or enhance their self-esteem or self-view positively.

Question 14

Higher measures of happiness, fewer relationship difficulties, and higher achievement levels are correlated with a high score on measures of self-____________________.

Accepted Answer

Higher measures of happiness, fewer relationship difficulties, and higher achievement levels are often associated with high self-esteem.

Question 15

Rogers's concepts of self-consistency and congruence are most closely associated with which motive? Self -_________________.

Accepted Answer

Rogers's concepts of self-consistency and congruence are most closely associated with the motive of self-verification, which involves seeking feedback that confirms one's self-concept.

Question 16

When growing up, a student's parents became very uncomfortable every time that the student happened to be sad. As a result, the student now disapproves of his own sad feelings, even when they are appropriate. Carl Rogers and other humanistic theorists would consider this student's attitude toward the sad feelings as an example of a(n) ________.

Accepted Answer

This attitude is considered a "condition of worth" according to Carl Rogers and other humanistic theorists. It refers to the idea that individuals might start to only feel worthy when they meet certain conditions set by others, in this case, the student feeling the need to suppress sadness to meet their parents' approval.

Question 17

Consistent with the self-enhancement motive, most people attribute success to _____________ and failure to ___________.

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as the self-serving bias, where individuals attribute their successes to internal or personal factors (like their own ability) and their failures to external factors (like the environment), to maintain and enhance their self-esteem.

Question 18

Carl Rogers would most likely claim that well-adjusted individuals respond to the threat created by experiences that are inconsistent with the self by ________.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers, a humanistic psychologist, believed that well-adjusted individuals modify their self-concept to align with their experiences, promoting congruence and psychological health.

Question 19

A psychology professor emphasizes the role of conscious experiences, and an individual's creative potential and inborn striving for self-actualization as the foundations of personality. The professor is a proponent of the ___________.

Accepted Answer

The humanistic perspective in psychology focuses on conscious experiences and the individual's capacity for self-actualization and personal growth, which aligns with the professor's emphasis.

Question 20

According to Rogers, a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behaviour is likely to develop ________.

Accepted Answer

According to Carl Rogers, a child who experiences regular punishment and is only rewarded for good behavior is likely to develop conditions of worth. This concept refers to the belief that one is only worthy of love, acceptance, and respect if they meet certain conditions set by others, in this case, the parents.

Quiz 14: Personality