Question 1

A cross-sectional design is to a longitudinal design as a(n)
A)correlational design is to an experimental design
B)experimental design is to a correlational design
C)between groups design is to a within groups design
D)within groups design is to a between groups design

Accepted Answer

A cross-sectional design compares different groups at one point in time, similar to a between groups design, while a longitudinal design follows the same group over time, similar to a within groups design.

Question 2

The type of developmental research design that compares different age groups of children to one another is the __________ design.
A)longitudinal
B)double-blind
C)cross-sectional
D)sequential

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional design involves comparing different age groups at a single point in time, which allows researchers to infer developmental changes across different age groups without having to follow the same individuals over time.

Question 3

Recall of past personal events tends to decline as we age.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Recall of past personal events tends to...

Question 4

Which developmental research design is the most practical to conduct in terms of time and money?
A)Longitudinal design
B)Double-blind design
C)Cross-sectional design
D)Sequential design

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional design is the most practical in terms of time and money because it involves observing different individuals of different ages or stages at one point in time, rather than following the same group over a long period, which can be costly and time-consuming.

Question 5

In the longitudinal research design, the researcher
A)tests the same cohort as it grows older
B)compares individuals of different ages at the same point in time
C)repeatedly tests several cohorts as they grow older
D)follows the same individual, studying the person in depth over time

Accepted Answer

In a longitudinal research design, the researcher tests the same cohort over a period of time as it grows older to observe changes and developments.

Question 6

Remaining physically and intellectually active may help to slow down the decline of cognitive functions as we age.

Accepted Answer

Engaging in physical and intellectual activities stimulates the brain and can help maintain and improve cognitive functions, potentially slowing down cognitive decline associated with aging.

Question 7

A researcher is interested in examining the development and effects of shyness. To do this, she identifies a group of 100 shy children at age 10, and then follows them for the next 10 years, checking in periodically to gather additional information. This design is best described as
A)a longitudinal design
B)a cross-sectional design
C)a placebo design
D)a sequential design

Accepted Answer

This study is a longitudinal design because it follows the same group of individuals (in this case, shy children) over a period of time to observe how their shyness develops and affects them.

Question 8

Boys who reach puberty early tend to experience more positive outcomes than early-maturing girls do.

Accepted Answer

Early-maturing boys often gain social advantages and confidence, while early-maturing girls may face social and emotional challenges.

Question 9

A researcher is interested in how self-esteem varies across the lifespan and decides to conduct a survey comparing people of different ages to address this issue. He recruits participants to be in one of four different age groups: 20 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49, and 50 to 59. He has them complete a self-esteem survey, and then analyzes the data to see whether any patterns emerge. This study would be considered an example of a
A)longitudinal design
B)double-blind design
C)cross-sectional design
D)sequential design

Accepted Answer

This study is an example of a cross-sectional design because it compares different age groups at one point in time to see how self-esteem varies across the lifespan.

Question 10

In a sequential research design, there is repeated testing of _______________.
A)several gender cohorts
B)several age cohorts
C)a single gender cohort
D)a single age cohort

Accepted Answer

In a sequential research design, several age cohorts are repeatedly tested over time to examine changes and continuities in development.

Question 11

A researcher is interested in the development of stereotypes in children. He collects data from 5-, 7-, 9-, and 11-year-olds during the fall of one year. He then waits two years and collects data again from the same participants, and then again after another two years. He can then compare children across the different age groups as well as the development of stereotypes within the children themselves across three different time periods. This is an example of what type of design?
A)Longitudinal design
B)Double-blind design
C)Cross-sectional design
D)Sequential design

Accepted Answer

This research design is an example of a sequential design because it combines elements of both longitudinal and cross-sectional designs. The researcher is examining changes within individuals over time (a longitudinal component) and also comparing different age groups at one point in time (a cross-sectional component).

Question 12

Emotion regulation involves the processes by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions.

Accepted Answer

Emotion regulation refers to the strategies and processes through which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions. This includes evaluating and modifying emotional reactions to fit appropriate social or personal contexts.

Question 13

Of Diana Baumrind's four parenting styles, the authoritarian parenting style is associated with the least positive child outcomes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Of Diana Baumrind's four parenting styles, the...

Question 14

Austin wants to do his honour's thesis in psychology in the area of developmental psychology. He has eight months to decide on a specific topic, design the study, collect the data, analyze the results, and write the thesis. Assuming he is interested in comparing children's performance at different ages, what type of design would be the most practical for him to use?
A)Longitudinal design
B)Double-blind design
C)Cross-sectional design
D)Sequential design

Accepted Answer

Given the time constraints Austin faces, a cross-sectional design is the most practical. This design allows him to compare different age groups at one point in time, which is quicker and more feasible within an eight-month period than longitudinal or sequential designs, which require observations over extended periods.

Question 15

In an ideal world, where researchers do not need to worry about the costs of doing research in terms of time or money, the best research design to address questions of developmental change would typically be the
A)longitudinal design
B)double-blind design
C)cross-sectional design
D)sequential design

Accepted Answer

The answer of In an ideal world, where researchers do...

Question 16

Marital researchers have determined that relationship satisfaction typically decreases in the first few years after getting married.

Accepted Answer

Studies in marital satisfaction have consistently shown that couples often experience a decline in happiness and satisfaction within the first few years of marriage, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as the "honeymoon phase" ending.

Question 17

Denial is the first of the five stages experienced by a dying person proposed by Kübler-Ross.

Accepted Answer

Denial is indeed the first stage in the five stages of grief model proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in her 1969 book "On Death and Dying," which describes the process by which people deal with grief and tragedy, especially when diagnosed with a terminal illness.

Question 18

In developmental research, cohort effects may confound any changes due to age, contributing to a problem with any research design except _________ designs.
A)cross-sectional
B)sequential
C)qualitative
D)longitudinal

Accepted Answer

Sequential designs are specifically designed to address and separate the effects of age from those of cohort and time of measurement, making them less susceptible to the confounding effects of cohort compared to cross-sectional, qualitative, and longitudinal designs.

Question 19

Individuals tend to experience a turbulent mid-life transition between the ages of 40 and 45 known as the mid-life crisis.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that the concept of a mid-life crisis is not a universal experience and not everyone goes through a crisis during mid-life. The idea of a universal mid-life crisis has been challenged by studies showing that mid-life is often a time of reflection, adjustment, and even growth for many people, rather than a period of significant crisis.

Question 20

According to developmental psychologist James Marcia, adolescents in the identity diffusion stage are currently dealing with an identity crisis but have not yet successfully resolved it.

Accepted Answer

Adolescents in the identity diffusion stage have not yet experienced an identity crisis nor made any commitments; they are not actively trying to resolve their identity issues.

Quiz 12: Development Over the Lifespan

A cross-sectional design is to a longitudinal design as a(n)

The type of developmental research design that compares different age groups of children to one another is the __________ design.

Recall of past personal events tends to decline as we age.

Which developmental research design is the most practical to conduct in terms of time and money?

In the longitudinal research design, the researcher

Remaining physically and intellectually active may help to slow down the decline of cognitive functions as we age.

A researcher is interested in examining the development and effects of shyness. To do this, she identifies a group of 100 shy children at age 10, and then follows them for the next 10 years, checking in periodically to gather additional information. This design is best described as