Question 1

Your roommate decides to try different studying strategies for each of his three classes. In Art History 101, he focuses on the beautiful handwriting of his instructor. In Spanish 101, he focuses on the melodious voice of his instructor. In Philosophy 101, he focuses on the thought-provoking arguments presented by his instructor. According to the depth of processing model, in which class should he get the best grade?

Accepted Answer

The depth of processing model suggests that information processed at a deeper level (such as engaging with thought-provoking arguments in Philosophy 101) is more likely to be remembered and understood, leading to better grades in that class compared to focusing on superficial aspects like handwriting or voice tone.

Question 2

According to the depth of processing model, semantic encoding involves the deepest processing because it requires us to attend to the ________________ the information being encoded.

Accepted Answer

Semantic encoding involves the deepest level of processing because it requires us to attend to the meaning of the information being encoded, rather than its superficial characteristics.

Question 3

A mnemonic device is a ____________.

Accepted Answer

A mnemonic device is a memory aid designed to help an individual remember information more easily by associating it with a phrase, rhyme, acronym, image, or a similar tool.

Question 4

Sarah is trying to learn the difference between "Principal" and "Principle." She devices a method to differentiate between the two words: "Your principal is your pal. A rule can be called a principle." Sarah is using __________.

Accepted Answer

Sarah is using a mnemonic device, which is a technique that aids in memory by associating complex information with simple patterns, phrases, or associations like "Your principal is your pal." This helps in remembering the difference between similarly spelled words by associating them with easily recallable cues.

Question 5

Your new strategy for studying seems to be working well. You first go through the lecture notes and textbook readings, decide which information is the most important, and then highlight it. Then you go back and try to relate the highlighted information to your own life. This strategy is probably effective because it uses _____________ rehearsal.

Accepted Answer

This strategy is effective because it uses elaborative rehearsal, a method of studying that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to merely repeating the word to yourself without thinking about its meaning. Relating the information to your own life is a key aspect of elaborative rehearsal, as it helps create more meaningful and memorable connections with the material.

Question 6

Information about frequency, spatial location, and sequence of events often enters memory through _____________ processing.

Accepted Answer

Information about frequency, spatial location, and sequence of events often enters memory through automatic processing. This type of processing occurs without the need for conscious attention to the learning task.

Question 7

Your roommate is struggling in school because she simply reads over the text and expects that it will "sink in." The problem is that _____________ rehearsal is a poor strategy for transferring information to long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Maintenance rehearsal, which involves simply repeating or reviewing information without deeper processing, is less effective for long-term memory retention compared to techniques that involve deeper engagement with the material, such as elaborative rehearsal.

Question 8

Which of the following forms of rehearsals is more effective for transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal is more effective for transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory because it involves thinking about the meaning of the information and making connections to existing knowledge, which aids in deeper processing and better memory retention.

Question 9

If you try to remember the lobes of the cortex by associating each one with a location in your house, you would be using the ____________.

Accepted Answer

The method of loci is a mnemonic device that involves associating items you want to remember with physical locations. By imagining placing the lobes of the cortex in different locations in your house, you are using this ancient technique to aid memory.

Question 10

Incidental information that gets stored in memory is referred to as _____________, whereas the encoding of memories that are intentionally initiated and occur through conscious attention is referred to as _______________.

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing refers to the unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information. Effortful processing, on the other hand, requires conscious effort and attention, like learning new information in a classroom setting.

Question 11

When you receive your midterm results and start to attach a meaning to your high score, you are employing which type of processing?

Accepted Answer

Elaborative processing involves adding meaning or making connections to new information, which is what you are doing when you interpret your high score on a midterm.

Question 12

To take advantage of the principle that memory is enhanced by associations between concepts and improves our understanding of how diverse elements are related, material is organized _____________.

Accepted Answer

Material organized hierarchically takes advantage of the principle that memory is enhanced by associations between concepts, as it allows for the structuring of information in a way that shows the relationships and relative importance of different elements, facilitating understanding and recall.

Question 13

If I were to ask you whether the word "force" rhymed with the word "course," to make this distinction you would have to use ________________ encoding, a method of processing that is considered to be less "deep" than/as semantic encoding.

Accepted Answer

Phonological encoding involves the processing of sound, which is necessary to determine if two words rhyme. This contrasts with semantic encoding, which involves the meaning of information and is considered a deeper level of processing.

Question 14

Chunking is thought to be an effective memory-enhancing technique because it _______________ the total amount of information that we have to keep active in ________________.

Accepted Answer

Chunking is thought to be effective because it decreases the total amount of information that we have to keep active in short-term memory by organizing it into more manageable units.

Question 15

Even though you paid little attention to and did not intentionally try to encode how many times your psychology professor has worn a particular shirt, you can recall that he has worn that shirt five times this semester. This type of encoding information without intention is called ____________.

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing refers to the unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. In this scenario, recalling how many times a professor has worn a shirt without intentionally trying to remember is an example of automatic processing.

Question 16

The method of loci is a memory-enhancing technique based on _________________ and it is consistent with the assumptions of _________________ theory.

Accepted Answer

The method of loci involves visualizing items to be remembered in different physical locations, leveraging imagery to enhance memory. It aligns with dual coding theory, which suggests that information is better remembered when encoded through both verbal and visual means.

Question 17

Your friend tells you about a great new restaurant at which she ate. When you hear the name, you recall seeing the restaurant and are fairly sure of the location. This memory is retrieved despite that fact that you were not trying to remember anything about the restaurant. The name and location of this restaurant were stored in the long-term memory via _____________ processing.

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing refers to the unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information. In this case, the name and location of the restaurant were encoded into long-term memory without deliberate effort or awareness.

Question 18

According to the __________ when information is encoded using both verbal and visual encoding, it is more likely that at least one of the codes will be available later to facilitate recall.

Accepted Answer

The dual coding theory suggests that when information is encoded through both verbal and visual means, it creates two distinct memory codes, increasing the likelihood that the information will be more easily recalled later.

Question 19

Dual coding theory proposes that we encode information by using which types of codes?

Accepted Answer

Dual coding theory suggests that information is better remembered when it is encoded through both verbal (words) and imagery (pictures) codes, as these two systems (verbal and non-verbal) process and store information separately, enhancing memory retention.

Question 20

According to the levels-of-processing model, you could study for a test most effectively by

Accepted Answer

The levels-of-processing model suggests that memory retention is improved when information is processed at a deeper, more meaningful level. Thinking about the meaning of important words involves semantic processing, which is considered a deeper level of processing and thus more effective for studying and memory retention.

Quiz 8: Memory