Question 1

The concept of state-dependent memory asserts that memory retrieval will be better if
A)the environment during encoding is similar to the environment during retrieval
B)the environment during encoding is different from the environment during retrieval
C)your internal state during encoding is similar to your internal state during retrieval
D)your internal state during encoding is different from your internal state during retrieval

Accepted Answer

State-dependent memory suggests that memory retrieval is more effective when an individual's internal state at the time of encoding matches their internal state at the time of retrieval.

Question 2

Eric is taking his psychology exam which contains multiple-choice questions. In order to answer the questions, Eric's strategy is to actively search his memory for the answers and, as such, he relies on his ____________ memory.
A)implicit
B)explicit
C)procedural
D)sensory

Accepted Answer

Eric's strategy of actively searching his memory for answers to exam questions involves recalling facts and events, which is a function of explicit memory. Explicit memory is the type of memory that involves conscious recollection of information, such as facts and events.

Question 3

Memory is better when the conditions present during encoding match those that are present during retrieval. This is in accordance with ____________.
A)dual processing theory
B)decay theory
C)the encoding specificity principle
D)the principles of implicit memory

Accepted Answer

The encoding specificity principle states that memory is improved when information available at the time of encoding is also available at the time of retrieval, making it the correct answer.

Question 4

Vivid recollections of distinctive, positive or negative events that trigger strong emotional responses are called
A)crisis memories
B)flashbulb memories
C)prospective memories
D)mood- congruent recall

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are vivid, detailed memories of significant events that often involve an emotional component, making them more memorable and easily recalled.

Question 5

This multiple-choice test question would be considered an example of a
A)recall test
B)recognition test
C)priming test
D)cued recall test

Accepted Answer

Recognition tests involve identifying correct information from a set of options, which is exactly what is done in a multiple-choice format.

Question 6

Research has found that self-generating many retrieval cues facilitates memory. It is assumed that this type of processing facilitates encoding by
A)making the information more declarative
B)limiting the impact of retroactive interference
C)providing deeper and more elaborative rehearsal
D)making use of state-dependent learning effects

Accepted Answer

Self-generating many retrieval cues facilitates memory by providing deeper and more elaborative rehearsal. This process involves engaging with the material in a more meaningful way, which enhances encoding and makes the information more retrievable later.

Question 7

Carl and Ursula are taking a second language course and they study together. Each week Carl and Ursula study their new vocabulary words by generating another associated word and a short one-sentence memory that involves the word. Last week Carl and Ursula decided to cut down on the amount of preparation that they each did by taking turns generating the cues for the vocabulary words. When Carl used Ursula's notes to study that first week, he did not do well on the exam because
A)Ursula's associations were not good links
B)multiple retrieval cues interfere with recall
C)self-generated cues maximize recall
D)his routine for studying had been disrupted

Accepted Answer

Self-generated cues are known to maximize recall because they are tailored to the individual's own connections and understanding, making them more memorable. When Carl used Ursula's notes, he was using cues that were not generated by himself, which likely made them less effective for his recall.

Question 8

Suppose that you are shown a list that includes the words "plate," "tree," and "glass." Several months later, you are shown many short word stems such as "PL ___," "TR ____ " and "GL ____." Even though you have essentially forgotten about the first list you saw, you are more likely to complete the word stems with "PLate," "TRee," and "GLass" than other people who were not shown the initial list. These types of memory tests are used to measure memory and they are called __________.
A)priming tasks
B)recall tests
C)recognition tests
D)cued recall tests

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as priming, where exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus, even without conscious guidance or intention. Priming tasks are designed to measure this effect, demonstrating how previous exposure to information can influence future responses, often without the individual being aware of the influence.

Question 9

Research has revealed that the most effective way to improve recall memory is having multiple retrieval cues that are ______________.
A)generated by an expert
B)self-generated
C)repressed
D)consolidated

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that self-generated retrieval cues are more effective for improving recall memory because they are more personally meaningful and thus more memorable.

Question 10

After taking the college entrance exam, Sidney was very upset as she drove home. She felt she had done poorly on the exam. The fact that Sidney was able to drive the familiar route home and arrive safely, even though she was so preoccupied thinking about the exam is due to her __________ memory.
A)implicit
B)explicit
C)semantic
D)episodic

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory allows individuals to perform tasks without conscious thought, such as driving a familiar route, even when distracted by other thoughts.

Question 11

Which of the following would be most likely to produce a flashbulb memory?
A)A person's implicit knowledge of how to drive a car
B)What a person had for breakfast this morning
C)A person's vivid description of their favorite car and its many positive characteristics
D)A person's prior experience living through a tsunami

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshots' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was heard. Experiencing a tsunami is a highly emotional and impactful event, likely to produce such a memory.

Question 12

Troy knows how to tie his own shoes and can do it almost without thinking about it as he ties them. Troy remembers the first time he learned to tie his shoes by himself. For Troy, the memory of that first time is a(n) _____________.
A)episodic memory
B)semantic memory
C)procedural memory
D)nondeclarative memory

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory is a type of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences, including the context in which they occurred and the emotions they elicited. Troy's memory of the first time he learned to tie his shoes by himself is a specific, personal event, making it an episodic memory.

Question 13

If you were asked right now to list the two different types of declarative memory, this would be an example of what is called a
A)recognition test
B)prospective test
C)recall test
D)priming test

Accepted Answer

Recall tests require you to retrieve information from memory without the aid of cues, which is what listing the two types of declarative memory involves.

Question 14

All of the following were mentioned as ways of measuring explicit memory EXCEPT
A)recognition
B)recall
C)cued recall
D)priming tasks

Accepted Answer

Priming tasks are a measure of implicit memory, not explicit memory. Explicit memory involves conscious recollection, which is assessed through recognition, recall, and cued recall tasks.

Question 15

When the encoding specificity principle is applied to ___________, we can adequately explain the phenomenon of context-dependent memory.
A)external cues
B)implicit memories
C)retroactive interference
D)internal cues

Accepted Answer

The encoding specificity principle suggests that memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also present at retrieval. Context-dependent memory is a type of external cue where the context or environment in which information is learned can aid in its recall.

Question 16

Flashbulb memories are often vivid and easy to remember and research has shown that they are frequently __________.
A)well-consolidated
B)implicit and hard to verbalize
C)inaccurate
D)more accurate than normal memories

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories, despite their vividness and emotional intensity, are often subject to inaccuracies. Research has shown that people's confidence in the accuracy of these memories can be high, but the details of the memories themselves can be quite inaccurate over time.

Question 17

Troy knows how to tie his own shoes and can do it almost without thinking about it as he ties them. The steps that Troy executes to tie his shoes is part of his __________________.
A)declarative memory
B)priming memory
C)explicit memory
D)procedural memory

Accepted Answer

The steps Troy executes to tie his shoes are part of his procedural memory, which is responsible for knowing how to perform tasks or skills automatically without conscious thought, such as riding a bike or tying shoes.

Question 18

It has been observed that the creation of multiple self-generated retrieval cues facilitates memory performance. It is assumed that if one cue fails to activate the memory, there are other cues still available that could activate it. This type of processing specifically improves the __________ process.
A)retrieval
B)storage
C)rehearsal
D)encoding

Accepted Answer

The creation of multiple self-generated retrieval cues specifically improves the retrieval process, as it increases the likelihood of recalling a memory by providing various pathways to access it.

Question 19

Veronica just saw a person in a green car labelled "student driver" run a red light and cause a serious accident. While waiting for the police to arrive, Veronica suddenly remembers that she was in a serious car accident when she was a young child. With respect to recalling the accident stored in her long-term memory, today's accident apparently served as ____________.
A)recall recognition
B)conscious unawareness
C)procedural information
D)a retrieval cue

Accepted Answer

Today's accident acted as a retrieval cue, triggering Veronica's memory of her past accident. Retrieval cues are stimuli that help you recall or access memories.

Question 20

Any external or internal stimulus that triggers the activation of information stored in long-term memory is called a(n) _______________.
A)schema
B)semantic trigger
C)icon
D)retrieval cue

Accepted Answer

Retrieval cues are stimuli that help you recall or access memories. These cues can be external or internal and serve to trigger the activation of information that is stored in long-term memory.

Quiz 8: Memory

The concept of state-dependent memory asserts that memory retrieval will be better if

Eric is taking his psychology exam which contains multiple-choice questions. In order to answer the questions, Eric's strategy is to actively search his memory for the answers and, as such, he relies on his ____________ memory.

Memory is better when the conditions present during encoding match those that are present during retrieval. This is in accordance with ____________.

Vivid recollections of distinctive, positive or negative events that trigger strong emotional responses are called

This multiple-choice test question would be considered an example of a

Research has found that self-generating many retrieval cues facilitates memory. It is assumed that this type of processing facilitates encoding by

Research has revealed that the most effective way to improve recall memory is having multiple retrieval cues that are ______________.

After taking the college entrance exam, Sidney was very upset as she drove home. She felt she had done poorly on the exam. The fact that Sidney was able to drive the familiar route home and arrive safely, even though she was so preoccupied thinking about the exam is due to her __________ memory.

Which of the following would be most likely to produce a flashbulb memory?

Troy knows how to tie his own shoes and can do it almost without thinking about it as he ties them. Troy remembers the first time he learned to tie his shoes by himself. For Troy, the memory of that first time is a(n) _____________.

If you were asked right now to list the two different types of declarative memory, this would be an example of what is called a

All of the following were mentioned as ways of measuring explicit memory EXCEPT

When the encoding specificity principle is applied to ___________, we can adequately explain the phenomenon of context-dependent memory.

Flashbulb memories are often vivid and easy to remember and research has shown that they are frequently __________.

Troy knows how to tie his own shoes and can do it almost without thinking about it as he ties them. The steps that Troy executes to tie his shoes is part of his __________________.

Any external or internal stimulus that triggers the activation of information stored in long-term memory is called a(n) _______________.