Question 1

Priming occurs when the activation of one node ____________.

Accepted Answer

Priming occurs when the activation of one node spreads the activation to related nodes, making it easier to process or recall related information.

Question 2

The approach that suggests that a pattern of node activation is associated with each concept in memory is called ________________ networks.

Accepted Answer

The approach that suggests a pattern of node activation is associated with each concept in memory is called neural networks. Neural networks are inspired by the structure and functional aspects of biological neural networks, and they model how information is processed in the brain, including the association of concepts through patterns of activation.

Question 3

Expert knowledge can be viewed as a process of developing ____________.

Accepted Answer

Expert knowledge is often viewed as a process of developing schemas, which are organized patterns of thought or behavior that help individuals process and categorize information efficiently.

Question 4

The amnesia patient H.M. was able to correctly perform a mirror-tracing task, but he had no recollection of ever having learned it. This example most clearly illustrates the difference between _________________ memory and ____________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory (skills and tasks) is a type of implicit memory that does not require conscious recall, while declarative memory involves facts and events that require conscious recall. H.M.'s ability to perform the task without recollection demonstrates the distinction between these memory types.

Question 5

If I tell you that this question is going to be hard and complex, what exactly am I doing by mentioning this?

Accepted Answer

Priming is the psychological technique where an earlier stimulus influences response to a later stimulus. By saying the question will be hard and complex, I'm setting your expectations and potentially influencing how you perceive and respond to the question.

Question 6

The theory that suggests that there is a single node associated with each concept in memory is called the ________________ network theory.

Accepted Answer

The associative network theory posits that concepts in memory are linked together by single nodes, forming a network of interconnected ideas and memories. This theory contrasts with others that might suggest a more distributed or parallel processing approach.

Question 7

A memory researcher claims that a concept such as "dog" is triggered by the simultaneous firing of nodes #8, #47, and #123 in a network, but if node #8 is simultaneously triggered with nodes #9 and #301, an entirely different concept appears in the mind. The views of this researcher are most consistent with the ____________.

Accepted Answer

The description aligns with the neural network theory of memory, which suggests that concepts are represented by patterns of activation across a network of nodes or neurons.

Question 8

You have certain expectations about what a class is like and what is appropriate behaviour in the classroom. This would suggest that you have a ____________ for classes.

Accepted Answer

Schemas are cognitive structures that help us organize and interpret information. They are based on our prior knowledge and experiences, and in this context, a schema for classes would encompass expectations about classroom behavior and the nature of the class.

Question 9

The model that asserts that a node in a memory network consists of an idea, a word, or a concept is the _________________ model, whereas the model that argues that a node is physical in nature and does not contain individual units of information is called the ____________ model.

Accepted Answer

The associative network model posits that a node in a memory network represents an idea, word, or concept, forming a network of associations. The neural network model, on the other hand, views nodes as part of a physical network in the brain, without assigning them specific informational content, focusing instead on the pattern of activity across the network.

Question 10

An organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as people, events, situations, or objects is a ____________.

Accepted Answer

A schema is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information in the world around us. Schemas can be about people, events, situations, or objects and allow us to take shortcuts in interpreting the vast amount of information that is available in our environment.

Question 11

Associative network theories are to ____________ as neural network theories are to _____________.

Accepted Answer

Associative network theories focus on how individual nodes (or concepts) are connected, while neural network theories emphasize the pattern of activation across a network as the basis for cognitive processes.

Question 12

From the perspective of associative networks, your ability to think of the colour orange is likely associated with ____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of From the perspective of associative networks, your...

Question 13

A student includes some outdoor games when packing for a picnic to a park. The student is using __________ of/for a picnic when doing so.

Accepted Answer

A schema is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information. By including outdoor games, the student is using their schema of what a picnic entails, which likely includes activities and games in a park setting.

Question 14

Because expert chess players use _______________ more effectively than novice chess players, they can more accurately recall meaningful arrangements of pieces after viewing these arrangements for just a few seconds.

Accepted Answer

Expert chess players use schemas (mental structures that help organize information) and chunking (grouping pieces of information into larger, meaningful units) more effectively, allowing them to recall arrangements of chess pieces more accurately. This is because they can recognize patterns and structures in the game, which helps in organizing and remembering the information efficiently.

Question 15

A study conducted by William Chase and Herbert Simon (1973) demonstrated that experts had superior recall than novices for the placement of chess pieces when the pieces were placed meaningfully on the board. However, this difference disappeared when the pieces were placed randomly, explaining the concept of _____________.

Accepted Answer

The study by Chase and Simon highlighted the role of schemas and chunking in memory, showing that experts use these cognitive structures to organize and remember information more effectively, but only when that information fits into meaningful patterns.

Question 16

Research with expert and novice chess players by William Chase and Herbert Simon (1973) revealed that experts were able to accurately recall the placement of more chess pieces than novices after a 5-second glance when the ____________.

Accepted Answer

Experts in chess have a better ability to recall the placement of pieces when they are arranged in a way that makes sense within the context of a game, as they can utilize their understanding of common game patterns to remember the positions. Random arrangements do not provide these mnemonic aids, hence the advantage is seen with meaningful arrangements.

Question 17

This multiple-choice test question would be considered an example of a test of ____________ memory.

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory is involved in the recall of facts and general knowledge, such as the concepts involved in understanding what types of questions are used to test different kinds of memory.

Question 18

From the perspective of neural networks, your ability to think of the concept "cheeseburger" is likely associated with ____________.

Accepted Answer

The concept "cheeseburger" in the context of neural networks is associated with the activation of a pattern of nodes. Neural networks, inspired by the brain's structure, operate on the principle that concepts, memories, and thoughts are represented by patterns of activation across networks of interconnected nodes or neurons, rather than being localized to a single node or neuron.

Question 19

Some memory theorists propose that memory can be represented as being similar to a massive system of linked ideas and concepts known as a(n)____________.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is C) associative network. This term describes a model of memory where ideas and concepts are linked together in a vast network, with each concept connected to others through associations. This model suggests that recalling one piece of information can trigger the recall of associated information, much like a network of interconnected nodes.

Question 20

The notion of parallel processing is most strongly associated with _____________.

Accepted Answer

Parallel processing is a fundamental aspect of neural networks, where multiple processes are carried out simultaneously, mimicking the way the human brain operates.

Quiz 8: Memory