Question 1

Animals placed on this schedule of reinforcement often show a pause in responding briefly after being reinforced possibly because they have learned that the next response is never reinforced. This behaviour is indicative of the ____________ schedule of reinforcement.
A)fixed-interval
B)fixed-ratio
C)variable-interval
D)variable-ratio
E)intermittent ratio

Accepted Answer

The answer of Animals placed on this schedule of reinforcement...

Question 2

Olga has severe symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. It is likely that neuroimaging studies will show
A)increased activation of the frontal cortex only
B)decreased activation of the frontal cortex only
C)decreased activation of the right amygdala only
D)increased activation of the frontal cortex and decreased activation of the right amygdale
E)decreased activation of the frontal cortex and increased activation of the right amygdale

Accepted Answer

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often associated with decreased activation of the frontal cortex, which is involved in regulating emotions and behavior, and increased activation of the amygdala, particularly the right amygdala, which plays a key role in processing fear and emotional memories.

Question 3

Albert Bandura's modelling experiment with the "Bobo doll" demonstrated the important difference between
A)operant conditioning and classical conditioning
B)insight and cognitive maps
C)positive and negative reinforcement
D)learning and performance

Accepted Answer

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment highlighted the distinction between learning and performance, showing that children could learn aggressive behaviors through observation (learning) but might not perform these behaviors unless they had a reason or were motivated to do so (performance).

Question 4

Which of the following statement(s) is/are FALSE?
A)Behaviourists treated the organism as a tabula rasa, or blank tablet; ethologists argued that every species comes into the world biologically prepared to act in certain ways.
B)Ethologists treated the organism as a tabula rasa, or blank tablet; behaviourists argued that every species comes into the world biologically prepared to act in certain ways.
C)Ethologists focused on behaviour in the natural setting; behaviourists conducted most of their research in controlled laboratory settings.
D)Behaviourists focused on behaviour in the natural setting; ethologists conducted most of their research in controlled laboratory settings.
E)Both ethologists treated the organism as a tabula rasa, or blank tablet; behaviouristsargued that every species comes into the world biologically prepared to act in certain ways AND behaviourists focused on behaviour in the natural setting; ethologists conducted most of their research in controlled laboratory settings are false.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statement(s) is/are FALSE?
A)Behaviourists...

Question 5

Which of the following has the highest adaptive significance for humans in terms of its ability to save time and effort and to reduce exposure to potentially dangerous trial-and-error processes?
A)Observational learning
B)Classical conditioning
C)Higher order conditioning
D)Operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning allows individuals to learn from the experiences of others without having to engage in potentially risky behaviors themselves. This can save time and effort and reduce exposure to danger by allowing individuals to bypass trial-and-error learning.

Question 6

Edward Tolman's research demonstrating that rats in a maze appeared to develop cognitive maps of the maze without receiving any reinforcement provided evidence most supportive of the concept of
A)latent learning
B)preparedness
C)insight
D)observational learning

Accepted Answer

Tolman's research with rats in mazes supported the concept of latent learning, which is learning that occurs without reinforcement but is not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so. His findings suggested that the rats formed a mental representation of the maze (cognitive map) even though they were not rewarded for successfully navigating it until later.

Question 7

According to the ______________ perspective of operant conditioning, the best predictor of behaviour is the perceived contingency between behaviour and its consequences.
A)traditional
B)social
C)behavioural
D)biological
E)cognitive

Accepted Answer

The cognitive perspective of operant conditioning emphasizes the role of mental processes and the perceived contingency between behavior and its consequences. This perspective suggests that individuals' understanding and interpretation of the relationship between their actions and outcomes are crucial in predicting behavior.

Question 8

A new skier who first watches and then copies his experienced friends is most likely making use of which learning strategy?
A)Insight
B)Observational learning
C)Positive reinforcement
D)Secondary reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Observational learning occurs when an individual learns a new behavior or concept by watching others. In this scenario, the new skier is learning by observing and then imitating the actions of his experienced friends.

Question 9

Escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning are maintained through
A)operant generalization
B)operant discrimination
C)negative reinforcement
D)stimulus generalization
E)positive reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning are maintained through negative reinforcement because the behavior is strengthened by the removal of an aversive stimulus.

Question 10

From a cognitive learning perspective, superstitious behaviour can best be explained in terms of
A)negative reinforcement
B)perceived contingency
C)stimulus generalization
D)avoidance conditioning

Accepted Answer

Superstitious behavior from a cognitive learning perspective is best explained by perceived contingency, which refers to the belief that one event is contingent upon another, despite there being no logical connection. This belief in a false cause-effect relationship between unrelated events is what underlies superstitious behavior.

Question 11

You are taking a shower in your dorm and you hear a toilet being flushed nearby. You briefly step out of the flow of water because you have learned that the water becomes very hot for a few moments after this happens. In this example, which of the following would be considered to be the discriminative stimulus?
A)The avoidance of hot water
B)The exposure to hot water
C)Stepping out of the shower
D)The sound of the toilet being flushed
E)Exposure to the dorm bathroom

Accepted Answer

The sound of the toilet being flushed acts as a discriminative stimulus because it signals that the water will become hot, prompting the behavior of stepping out of the shower to avoid the hot water.

Question 12

It is challenging for a traditional behaviourist to explain this aspect of Tolman's latent learning research with rats
A)learning was happening without any discriminative stimuli
B)learning was happening without any awareness of contingencies
C)learning was happening without any insight
D)learning was happening without any direct reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Tolman's latent learning research with rats demonstrated that rats could learn the layout of a maze without direct reinforcement, such as food rewards, challenging the behaviorist view that learning is primarily driven by reinforcement.

Question 13

Which of the following is most difficult to explain using the behavioural perspective of learning?
A)Avoidance learning
B)Latent learning
C)Negative reinforcement
D)Higher-order learning

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to knowledge that only becomes clear when a person has an incentive to display it. Unlike the other options, which can be more directly observed and measured through behaviors and stimuli-response patterns, latent learning does not necessarily manifest in observable behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it. This makes it more challenging to explain using the behavioral perspective, which focuses on observable behaviors and the ways in which they are learned through interaction with the environment.

Question 14

Rats learned food aversions and preferences by watching other rats. This type of learning is called
A)observational learning
B)generalization
C)chaining
D)latent learning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning occurs when an individual learns a new behavior or concept by watching others. In the context of rats learning food aversions and preferences by observing other rats, this perfectly aligns with the definition of observational learning, where the observing rats modify their behavior based on the outcomes they see happening to others.

Question 15

Which of the following has the highest adaptive significance for humans in terms of its ability to save time and effort, and to reduce exposure to potentially dangerous trial-and-error processes?
A)Observational learning
B)Classical conditioning
C)Higher order conditioning
D)Operant conditioning
E)Secondary reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Observational learning allows individuals to learn from the experiences of others without having to engage in potentially risky behaviors themselves. This can save time and effort, as well as reduce exposure to danger, by allowing individuals to bypass trial-and-error learning processes.

Question 16

When the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response will gradually weaken in a process called
A)extinction
B)negative reinforcement
C)discrimination
D)habituation
E)positive reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Extinction occurs in classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a gradual weakening of the conditioned response.

Question 17

Billy is a young child who cannot demonstrate the ability to delay gratification. Research shows that Billy
A)is unlikely to become a criminal
B)will have more difficulty coping with stress and frustration as an adolescent
C)is able to forego an immediate but smaller reward for a delayed but more satisfying outcome
D)cannot forego an immediate but smaller reward for a delayed but more satisfying outcome
E)both will have more difficulty coping with stress and frustration as an adolescent AND cannot forego an immediate but smaller reward for a delayed but more satisfying outcome

Accepted Answer

The inability to delay gratification is associated with more difficulty in coping with stress and frustration later in life, as well as an inability to forego immediate smaller rewards for delayed but more satisfying outcomes.

Question 18

Edward Tolman's research on latent learning and Albert Bandura's work on modelling both demonstrate that
A)learning only occurs when an organism is able to actually perform a behaviour
B)negative reinforcers appear to be most responsible for the creation of cognitive maps
C)learning can occur at a specific time yet not be displayed until later
D)classical and operant conditioning principles can be combined to explain behaviour

Accepted Answer

Tolman's research on latent learning showed that rats could learn the layout of a maze without reinforcement, only demonstrating this knowledge when a reward was introduced later. Bandura's work on observational learning (modeling) demonstrated that individuals can learn behaviors by observing others, even if they do not immediately imitate those behaviors. Both of these findings support the idea that learning can occur without immediate demonstration of the learned behavior.

Question 19

Clarence is a cat that is always fed in the same place, at the same time, every day. His food is taken out of the same cupboard before each meal, which has a particular sound when it opens that is loud enough to be noticeable. One day his owner forgets to feed him and Clarence opens the cupboard door with his paws to try to get at the food on his own. How could we explain the fact that he had never been reinforced to open the cupboard before, yet was still able to do so?
A)latent learning
B)law of effect
C)operant conditioning
D)insight
E)chaining

Accepted Answer

The answer of Clarence is a cat that is always...

Question 20

Animals appear to be biologically prewired to easily learn behaviour that is related to their survival as a species because of evolutionary forces. This is referred to as _____________.
A)latent learning
B)operant extinction
C)preparedness
D)avoidance conditioning
E)fixed action patterning

Accepted Answer

The answer of Animals appear to be biologically prewired to...

Quiz 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

Animals placed on this schedule of reinforcement often show a pause in responding briefly after being reinforced possibly because they have learned that the next response is never reinforced. This behaviour is indicative of the ____________ schedule of reinforcement.

Olga has severe symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. It is likely that neuroimaging studies will show

Albert Bandura's modelling experiment with the "Bobo doll" demonstrated the important difference between

Which of the following statement(s) is/are FALSE?

Which of the following has the highest adaptive significance for humans in terms of its ability to save time and effort and to reduce exposure to potentially dangerous trial-and-error processes?

Edward Tolman's research demonstrating that rats in a maze appeared to develop cognitive maps of the maze without receiving any reinforcement provided evidence most supportive of the concept of

According to the ______________ perspective of operant conditioning, the best predictor of behaviour is the perceived contingency between behaviour and its consequences.

A new skier who first watches and then copies his experienced friends is most likely making use of which learning strategy?

Escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning are maintained through

From a cognitive learning perspective, superstitious behaviour can best be explained in terms of

It is challenging for a traditional behaviourist to explain this aspect of Tolman's latent learning research with rats

Which of the following is most difficult to explain using the behavioural perspective of learning?

Rats learned food aversions and preferences by watching other rats. This type of learning is called

Which of the following has the highest adaptive significance for humans in terms of its ability to save time and effort, and to reduce exposure to potentially dangerous trial-and-error processes?

When the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response will gradually weaken in a process called

Billy is a young child who cannot demonstrate the ability to delay gratification. Research shows that Billy

Edward Tolman's research on latent learning and Albert Bandura's work on modelling both demonstrate that

Animals appear to be biologically prewired to easily learn behaviour that is related to their survival as a species because of evolutionary forces. This is referred to as _____________.