Question 1

Advertisers use the principles of classical conditioning to try to sell products. By pairing attractive and famous people, humour, or "warm-fuzzy" family images to products such as cars, food, and even telephone services, advertisers attempt to shift the public's attitude about the product. In these examples, attractive and famous people, humour, and family images are the __________, whereas the product being sold is the ____________.
A)CS; UCS
B)UCS; CS
C)CR; UCR
D)CS; UCR

Accepted Answer

The answer of Advertisers use the principles of classical conditioning...

Question 2

Attempts to condition an aversion to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behaviour by pairing it with a noxious UCS is called _____________ therapy.
A)exposure
B)noxious
C)aversion
D)extinction therapy

Accepted Answer

Aversion therapy involves pairing a stimulus that triggers unwanted behavior with an unpleasant (noxious) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to create a conditioned aversion to the initial stimulus.

Question 3

Recent advances in computer and video technology have presented an innovative approach to treating anxiety disorders like phobias _____________.
A)by providing 'on-call' virtual psychologists who are holographs created by computer software
B)with the presentation of virtual relaxation environments to reduce anxiety
C)by presenting virtual stimuli for exposure therapy within a virtual world
D)by creating aversive stimuli specific to each client

Accepted Answer

The answer of Recent advances in computer and video technology...

Question 4

Operant conditioning is concerned with ____________, whereas classical conditioning focuses on ____________.
A)discriminative stimuli; generalized stimuli
B)emitted behaviours; elicited behaviours
C)generalized stimuli; discriminative stimuli
D)elicited behaviours; emitted behaviours

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of emitted behaviors (e.g., rewards or punishments), while classical conditioning involves learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an elicited response.

Question 5

Much of organisms' behaviours are influenced in subtle ways by classical conditioning. Classical conditioning can NOT influence _____________.
A)attraction
B)aversion
C)arousal
D)approval

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning, a learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov, involves learning to associate an unconditioned stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response with a new (conditioned) stimulus, so that the new stimulus brings about the same response. It can influence attraction, aversion, and arousal because these are all responses that can be conditioned. Approval, however, is a cognitive judgment or social feedback that is not directly conditioned through these processes. Approval involves higher cognitive functions and social understanding that go beyond the automatic responses typically associated with classical conditioning.

Question 6

A school age child is allowed to watch cartoons only after the homework has been completed and the assigned chores for the day are done. On days the homework is unfinished, or chores are left undone, the child is denied cartoon time. As a result, the child has become responsible about what is expected. Which strategy are the parents using to shape the child's habits?
A)Discriminative stimuli
B)Punishment
C)Rewards
D)The law of effect

Accepted Answer

The answer of A school age child is allowed to...

Question 7

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) conditioned baby Albert to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise that Albert already feared. After the conditioning had taken place, the researchers also found that Albert was afraid of furry white and grey objects, such as a rabbit and a Santa Claus mask. The fact that Albert was afraid of these additional items demonstrated that _____________.
A)stimulus generalization had occurred
B)discrimination had occurred
C)extinction had occurred
D)higher-order conditioning had occurred

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurred because Albert's fear response to the white rat generalized to other similar furry white and grey objects, indicating that he responded similarly to stimuli that resembled the conditioned stimulus.

Question 8

A psychology professor promises students a 1 bonus mark for every class they attend. The overall attendance of the course has been very good. The professor is employing which type of reinforcer?
A)Punishment
B)Positive reinforcement
C)Negative reinforcement
D)Extinction

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement involves adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior. In this case, the professor is adding bonus marks to increase attendance, which is a classic example of positive reinforcement.

Question 9

The goal of exposure therapies is to expose a phobic person to the feared stimulus (CS) without the _____________, so that the process of ___________ can occur.
A)NS; habituation
B)CR; extinction
C)UCS; generalization
D)UCS; extinction

Accepted Answer

The goal of exposure therapies is to expose individuals to the feared stimulus (the conditioned stimulus or CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), allowing the conditioned response (CR) to gradually diminish through the process of extinction.

Question 10

An organism learns an association between two stimuli in ________________ conditioning, whereas an association between a behaviour and its consequence is learned in __________________ conditioning.
A)operant; classical
B)classical; higher-order
C)higher-order; classical
D)classical; operant

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, an organism learns to associate two stimuli, such as a bell and food, leading to a learned response (like salivation). In operant conditioning, an organism learns an association between a behavior and its consequence (like a reward or punishment).

Question 11

Edward Thorndike would most likely have given which of the following explanations for why cats could eventually escape his puzzle box? The cats(') _____________.
A)eventually gained insight into how to solve the problem
B)eventually, were able to discriminate the CS sufficiently
C)used trial and error and slowly eliminated ineffective responses
D)response cost for ineffective action eventually became too high

Accepted Answer

Edward Thorndike is best known for his work on learning theory that led to the development of operant conditioning within behaviorism. Thorndike's law of effect suggests that behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. His experiments with cats in puzzle boxes showed that cats escaped through trial and error, gradually eliminating behaviors that did not work (ineffective responses) until they stumbled upon the action that opened the door, which was then strengthened and repeated more quickly in future attempts.

Question 12

Edward Thorndike's law of ____________ specifically states that a response followed by a satisfying consequence will be more likely to occur.
A)instrumental learning
B)generalization
C)aversive conditioning
D)effect

Accepted Answer

Thorndike's law of effect states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated.

Question 13

A college student is allergic to pollen. Whenever they are near a flower, they develop an extreme allergic reaction. Interestingly, whenever the student is near a silk or fake flower, they also have an extreme allergic reaction despite the absence of pollen. In this example, the fake flower is the ___________ and the allergic reaction it causes is the ___________ response.
A)conditioned stimulus; conditioned
B)conditioned stimulus; unconditioned
C)unconditioned stimulus; conditioned
D)stimulus generalization; conditioned

Accepted Answer

The fake flower is the conditioned stimulus because it is associated with the real flower (unconditioned stimulus), and the allergic reaction it causes is the conditioned response due to this association.

Question 14

In classical conditioning, a behaviour changes because of an association that is learned ________ the behaviour occurs, but in operant conditioning, the behaviour is influenced by events that occur _________ it.
A)after; before
B)at the same time as; before
C)before; at the same time as
D)before; after

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is learned before the behavior (the conditioned response) occurs. In operant conditioning, the behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it, meaning the events (reinforcements or punishments) occur after the behavior.

Question 15

Using his special chamber, Skinner found that rats would display a behaviour, such as pressing a lever, more frequently if a food pellet was provided following that behaviour. The food pellet acts as a(n) _____________.
A)punisher
B)reinforcer
C)strengthener
D)outcome variable

Accepted Answer

The food pellet acts as a reinforcer because it increases the likelihood that the behavior (pressing the lever) will be repeated. This is a fundamental concept in operant conditioning, where behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to occur again.

Question 16

A few days ago, Wendy got a speeding ticket on a highway behind Superior College. This morning, on her way to College, on the same stretch of the road where she had received the speeding ticket, Wendy immediately slowed down and checked her speedometer when she saw the flashing lights of a security vehicle. The security vehicle reminded her of the police car from the day she got the ticket. This is an example of _____________.
A)spontaneous recovery
B)extinction
C)stimulus generalization
D)stimulus discrimination

Accepted Answer

Wendy's reaction to the security vehicle's flashing lights, which are similar to the police car's lights that led to her receiving a speeding ticket, is an example of stimulus generalization. This occurs when a response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the original stimulus associated with the response. In this case, the flashing lights of any vehicle (the similar stimulus) reminded her of the police car's lights (the original stimulus), causing her to slow down.

Question 17

Research on aversion therapy has yielded mixed results, because the changes produced are often _____________.
A)long-term and generalize well
B)the product of a fixed action pattern
C)adaptively significant
D)short-term and extinguish over time

Accepted Answer

Research on aversion therapy has shown that the changes it produces are often short-term and tend to extinguish over time, meaning the unwanted behaviors or responses may return after the therapy is concluded.

Question 18

Mary Cover Jones was a psychologist who was knowledgeable about behaviourist principles. Using the assumption that fear can be classically conditioned, she set out to break the CS-UCS pairing using a technique in which a patient is exposed to a stimulus that arouses anxiety without the presence of the UCS. The modern version of her technique was called _____________.
A)extinction therapies
B)flooding techniques
C)exposure therapies
D)systematic desensitization

Accepted Answer

Exposure therapies are based on the principle that fear can be unlearned or extinguished by gradual or direct exposure to a feared object or situation without any negative outcomes, which is a modern adaptation of Mary Cover Jones's approach to breaking the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus (CS-UCS) pairing.

Question 19

One of the key differences between classical and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning behaviour is _____________, whereas in operant conditioning behaviour is ___________.
A)triggered involuntarily like a reflex; under the physical control of the organism
B)under the physical control of the organism; triggered involuntarily like a reflex
C)triggered involuntarily like a reflex; is considered to be elicited
D)is considered to emitted; under the voluntary control of the organism

Accepted Answer

The answer of One of the key differences between classical...

Question 20

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) conducted experiments with an 11-month-old baby named Albert. Knowing that Albert would be afraid of loud noises, they conditioned him to fear a white rat by pairing the presentation of the rat with a loud noise. Although he was initially unafraid of the rat, after several trials, he would cry and become fearful when shown the rat. In this instance, the rat represented the _____________.
A)UCS
B)UCR
C)CS
D)CR

Accepted Answer

The answer of John Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) conducted...

Quiz 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

Attempts to condition an aversion to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behaviour by pairing it with a noxious UCS is called _____________ therapy.

Recent advances in computer and video technology have presented an innovative approach to treating anxiety disorders like phobias _____________.

Operant conditioning is concerned with , whereas classical conditioning focuses on .

Much of organisms' behaviours are influenced in subtle ways by classical conditioning. Classical conditioning can NOT influence _____________.

A psychology professor promises students a 1 bonus mark for every class they attend. The overall attendance of the course has been very good. The professor is employing which type of reinforcer?

The goal of exposure therapies is to expose a phobic person to the feared stimulus (CS) without the ___, so that the process of _ can occur.

An organism learns an association between two stimuli in conditioning, whereas an association between a behaviour and its consequence is learned in __ conditioning.

Edward Thorndike would most likely have given which of the following explanations for why cats could eventually escape his puzzle box? The cats(') _____________.

Edward Thorndike's law of ____________ specifically states that a response followed by a satisfying consequence will be more likely to occur.

In classical conditioning, a behaviour changes because of an association that is learned the behaviour occurs, but in operant conditioning, the behaviour is influenced by events that occur _ it.

Using his special chamber, Skinner found that rats would display a behaviour, such as pressing a lever, more frequently if a food pellet was provided following that behaviour. The food pellet acts as a(n) _____________.

Research on aversion therapy has yielded mixed results, because the changes produced are often _____________.

One of the key differences between classical and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning behaviour is ___, whereas in operant conditioning behaviour is _.