Question 1

You are watching a rat press a bar in a Skinner box. As you look at the cumulative record, you notice that there are significant pauses in responding after reinforcement is delivered. The pauses are flat. The rat does not respond at all for about 10 seconds, then he presses the bar at a very high rate. What kind of schedule is the rat being trained on?
A)Fixed interval
B)Variable interval
C)Fixed ratio
D)Variable ratio
E)Continuous reinforcement

Accepted Answer

The description of significant pauses in responding after reinforcement, followed by a high rate of responding, is characteristic of a fixed interval schedule. In this schedule, reinforcement is available only after a specific amount of time has passed, leading to a pattern of pausing after reinforcement and then rapid responding as the time for the next reinforcement approaches.

Question 2

At the restaurant last night you had mussels for the first time. You really enjoyed them. But later in the evening, you started to become sick and assumed that it was because of the mussels. This can occur even though the association is hours later because of
A)instinctive drift
B)trace conditioning
C)avoidance learning
D)conditioned taste aversion
E)escape conditioning

Accepted Answer

Conditioned taste aversion is a phenomenon where an individual associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms of illness, even if the illness occurs several hours after consumption. This can lead to a long-lasting aversion to that food.

Question 3

Zhang really hated flying on those small regional planes with only 20 seats. Over the years, he dislikes flying on almost any plane and would much rather drive to a destination. What happened?
A)Extinction
B)Generalization
C)Reinforcement
D)Spontaneous recovery
E)Biological preparedness

Accepted Answer

Zhang's dislike for flying has expanded from small regional planes to almost any plane, indicating a generalization of his fear or dislike from a specific instance to a broader category.

Question 4

Jayden is trying to teach his dog some tricks. So he gives him a doggie treat if he rolls over after 2 min have passed. Then he gives him another treat if he rolls after 1 minute has passed. Next, he gives the dog a treat if he performs the behaviour after 3 minutes have passed. In each case, the dog must perform the roll over before he gets the treat. Jayden is using a(n)
A)FR 2 minute schedule
B)a VR 2 minute schedule
C)FI 2 minute schedule
D)VI 2 minute schedule
E)VI 6 minute schedule

Accepted Answer

Jayden is using a Variable Interval (VI) schedule, where rewards are given after an unpredictable amount of time has passed, as long as the desired behavior is performed. The intervals mentioned (2 minutes, 1 minute, 3 minutes) vary, making it a VI schedule.

Question 5

Which of the following schedules could be described as continuous reinforcement?
A)FR10
B)VI 1
C)CR 1
D)FR 1
E)FI 1

Accepted Answer

Continuous reinforcement is when every instance of a desired behavior is reinforced. FR 1 (Fixed Ratio 1) means reinforcement is given after every single response, which fits the definition of continuous reinforcement.

Question 6

Jayden is trying to teach his dog some tricks. So he gives him a doggie treat if he rolls over after 2 min have passed. But the dog must perform the roll over before he gets the treat. Jayden is using a(n)
A)FR 2 minute schedule
B)VR 2 minute schedule
C)FI 2 minute schedule
D)VI 2 minute schedule
E)continuous reinforcement schedule

Accepted Answer

Jayden is using a Fixed Interval (FI) 2 minute schedule, where the dog receives a treat for the first response after a fixed time period (2 minutes) has passed.

Question 7

Tracie acquired a fear of pigeons after one almost pecked her in the eye on day. She was able to deal with this for a while by avoiding pigeons. But now she finds that her fear has spread to sparrows, doves, robins, and hawks. What happened?
A)generalization
B)extinction
C)reinforcement
D)spontaneous recovery
E)biological preparedness

Accepted Answer

Tracie's fear has generalized from a specific incident involving a pigeon to include other birds, indicating a broadening of her fear response to similar stimuli.

Question 8

In an effort to get his dog to roll over, Bronn gives his dog a treat if he turns to the left. After the dog is reliably turning left, he must get down on the ground to get another treat. Then again he has to roll left for the treats. Finally the dog has to roll over to get a treat. Bronn is using the method known as
A)backward pairing
B)classical conditioning
C)higher-order conditioning
D)punishment
E)shaping

Accepted Answer

Bronn is using shaping, a method where successive approximations of a desired behavior are reinforced. He starts by rewarding simple behaviors that are part of the final desired behavior (rolling over) and gradually requires more complex actions that are closer to the final goal.

Question 9

Sam lives in a very violent area of town. People are often getting hurt or killed. But Sam is more likely to develop a fear of snakes than a fear of guns. Why?
A)The fear associated with guns will extinguish.
B)Sam will rarely see a gun.
C)Escape is stronger than avoidance.
D)The evolutionary significance of snakes is stronger.
E)Insight will override the fear of guns.

Accepted Answer

The evolutionary significance of snakes as a threat has been ingrained in humans over thousands of years, making it more likely for Sam to develop a fear of snakes despite the immediate, more prevalent danger of guns in his environment.

Question 10

Drug additions are often based on stress reduction. Alcohol reduces stress. Smoking reduces anxiety. Continued drug usage is maintained by
A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)positive punishment
D)negative punishment
E)discrimination training

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (such as stress or anxiety) to increase the likelihood of a behavior (such as drug use) being repeated.

Question 11

Tomas really likes chocolate. Every time he eats a piece of chocolate, he gets a warm and fuzzy feeling. Lately, he has noticed that he gets that feeling whenever he enters the candy store to buy some chocolate. Now he really likes the candy store. For Tomas, the candy store is a(n)
A)UCS
B)CS
C)UCR
D)CR
E)discriminative stimulus

Accepted Answer

The candy store has become a conditioned stimulus (CS) for Tomas. Initially, eating chocolate (the unconditioned stimulus, or UCS) naturally elicited a warm and fuzzy feeling (the unconditioned response, or UCR). Over time, the candy store, which was previously neutral, became associated with the chocolate and the feeling it produces. Now, entering the candy store triggers the same warm and fuzzy feeling, even before eating any chocolate, making the candy store a conditioned stimulus.

Question 12

You are watching a rat press a bar in a Skinner box. As you look at the cumulative record, you notice that there are significant pauses in responding after reinforcement is delivered. Moreover, the pauses are not flat, they are curved or scalloped. What kind of schedule is the rat being trained on?
A)fixed interval
B)variable interval
C)fixed ratio
D)variable ratio
E)continuous reinforcement

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are watching a rat press a...

Question 13

Both Larry and Phil are cable TV installers. Larry gets paid $25 for every 5 installs, while Phil is on a salary and gets paid once a week. We would expect that ______ would install more lines each day because ______.
A)Larry; he is on an FR 5 schedule
B)Phil; he is on a FI 1 week schedule
C)Larry; because he is on FR 25 schedule
D)Phil; because he is on a continuous reinforcement schedule
E)Phil; because hen is salaried

Accepted Answer

Larry is likely to install more lines each day because he is on a Fixed Ratio (FR) 5 schedule, meaning he gets a reward (payment) after a fixed number of responses (in this case, every 5 installs). This type of schedule tends to produce a high rate of response, as the reward is directly tied to the number of installs completed.

Question 14

Jayden is trying to teach his dog some tricks. So every 2 times the dog rolls over, he gives him a doggie treat. Jayden is using a(n)
A)continuous reinforcement schedule
B)FR 1 schedule
C)VR 2 schedule
D)FR 2 schedule
E)FI 2 schedule

Accepted Answer

Jayden is using a fixed ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement, specifically FR 2, because he rewards his dog after a fixed number of behaviors, which in this case is every 2 times the dog rolls over.

Question 15

You can train a pigeon to peck a key for food, but you cannot train it to bar press. Why?
A)It is difficult to reinforce an eating response in pigeons.
B)Biological preparedness
C)Pigeons cannot see very well.
D)Pigeons habituate to bars.
E)Pigeons cannot grasp a bar with their feet.

Accepted Answer

Pigeons, like many animals, have behaviors that are naturally inclined or disinclined based on their species-specific adaptations. The concept of biological preparedness explains why certain behaviors, such as pecking for food, are more easily learned by pigeons than others, like pressing a bar. This is because pecking is a natural behavior for pigeons when foraging for food, making it easier to reinforce through training.

Question 16

Cable TV installers are typically paid $25 for every 10 installs they do. Consequently, they tend to work very quickly. This type of payment schedule could be described as a
A)FR-10
B)VR-10
C)FI-25
D)CR-10
E)VR-11

Accepted Answer

This payment schedule is a Fixed Ratio (FR) schedule, where the reward (payment) is given after a fixed number of responses (in this case, installations). "FR-10" means a fixed reward is given after every 10 responses/actions.

Question 17

Jayden is trying to teach his dog some tricks. So, every time the dog rolls over, he gives him a doggie treat. Jayden is using
A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)positive punishment
D)negative punishment
E)classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Jayden is using positive reinforcement by giving his dog a treat for performing a desired behavior (rolling over). This method increases the likelihood that the dog will repeat the behavior in the future. Positive reinforcement involves adding a rewarding stimulus after a desired behavior is exhibited.

Question 18

Jayden is trying to teach his dog some tricks. So he gives him a doggie treat if he rolls over 2 times. Then he gives him another treat if he rolls after once. Next, he gives the dog a treat if he performs the roll over behaviour 3 times. Jayden is using a(n)
A)FR 2 schedule
B)VR 2 schedule
C)FI 2 schedule
D)VI 2 schedule
E)FI 6 schedule

Accepted Answer

Jayden is using a Variable Ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement, where the dog receives a treat after an unpredictable number of responses (sometimes after 2 rolls, sometimes after 1, and sometimes after 3). This variability in the number of responses required for a reward is characteristic of a VR schedule.

Question 19

Which of the following schedules could be described as an FR-1?
A)FI-10
B)VI-1
C)FR-1.5
D)VR-2
E)CR

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following schedules could be...

Question 20

It is much easier to develop a fear of snakes than a fear of flowers because of
A)instinctive drift
B)biological preparedness
C)avoidance
D)insight
E)negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

The answer of It is much easier to develop a...

Quiz 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

At the restaurant last night you had mussels for the first time. You really enjoyed them. But later in the evening, you started to become sick and assumed that it was because of the mussels. This can occur even though the association is hours later because of

Zhang really hated flying on those small regional planes with only 20 seats. Over the years, he dislikes flying on almost any plane and would much rather drive to a destination. What happened?

Which of the following schedules could be described as continuous reinforcement?

Jayden is trying to teach his dog some tricks. So he gives him a doggie treat if he rolls over after 2 min have passed. But the dog must perform the roll over before he gets the treat. Jayden is using a(n)

Tracie acquired a fear of pigeons after one almost pecked her in the eye on day. She was able to deal with this for a while by avoiding pigeons. But now she finds that her fear has spread to sparrows, doves, robins, and hawks. What happened?

Sam lives in a very violent area of town. People are often getting hurt or killed. But Sam is more likely to develop a fear of snakes than a fear of guns. Why?

Drug additions are often based on stress reduction. Alcohol reduces stress. Smoking reduces anxiety. Continued drug usage is maintained by

Tomas really likes chocolate. Every time he eats a piece of chocolate, he gets a warm and fuzzy feeling. Lately, he has noticed that he gets that feeling whenever he enters the candy store to buy some chocolate. Now he really likes the candy store. For Tomas, the candy store is a(n)

You are watching a rat press a bar in a Skinner box. As you look at the cumulative record, you notice that there are significant pauses in responding after reinforcement is delivered. Moreover, the pauses are not flat, they are curved or scalloped. What kind of schedule is the rat being trained on?

Both Larry and Phil are cable TV installers. Larry gets paid $25 for every 5 installs, while Phil is on a salary and gets paid once a week. We would expect that would install more lines each day because .

Jayden is trying to teach his dog some tricks. So every 2 times the dog rolls over, he gives him a doggie treat. Jayden is using a(n)

You can train a pigeon to peck a key for food, but you cannot train it to bar press. Why?

Cable TV installers are typically paid $25 for every 10 installs they do. Consequently, they tend to work very quickly. This type of payment schedule could be described as a

Jayden is trying to teach his dog some tricks. So, every time the dog rolls over, he gives him a doggie treat. Jayden is using

Jayden is trying to teach his dog some tricks. So he gives him a doggie treat if he rolls over 2 times. Then he gives him another treat if he rolls after once. Next, he gives the dog a treat if he performs the roll over behaviour 3 times. Jayden is using a(n)

Which of the following schedules could be described as an FR-1?

It is much easier to develop a fear of snakes than a fear of flowers because of