Question 1

Which of the following correctly describes higher-order conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Higher-order conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) after being paired with an already established CS, without the direct association with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 2

The unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response are similar in that they both are concerned with _____________.

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response are both innate, meaning they occur naturally without the need for learning or teaching. This is a fundamental aspect of classical conditioning, where an unconditioned stimulus naturally elicits an unconditioned response without prior training.

Question 3

On her 12^th birthday, Juanita ate cake and then felt nauseous due to the flu. Since then, Juanita begins to feel sick whenever she sees a cake. Juanita also feels sick whenever she sees cupcakes or cookies. The CS has ___________ to the other treats.

Accepted Answer

Generalization occurs when a response to a specific stimulus is extended to other similar stimuli. In Juanita's case, her feeling of sickness in response to cake has generalized to other similar treats like cupcakes and cookies.

Question 4

During the process of extinction, it is not uncommon for a CR to recur if, after a period of time has passed, the CS is presented again. This is known as ________________ recovery.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR) after a period of no exposure to the conditioned stimulus (CS). This phenomenon demonstrates that the original learning is not unlearned or erased but rather suppressed during extinction.

Question 5

Stuart has a rather unusual fear _____________. He is afraid of public speaking, but only when he has to make speeches on the weekend. He is a professor and has no trouble speaking in front of large groups of students, and he has made effective presentations at conferences, as long as he presents on a weekday. The specificity of Stuart's fear most clearly demonstrates the process of _____________.

Accepted Answer

Stuart's fear is specific to making speeches on the weekend, showing he can discriminate between different situations (weekend vs. weekday speeches). This specificity illustrates the process of discrimination, where a response is conditioned to occur in the presence of a specific stimulus but not in its absence.

Question 6

In classical conditioning, discrimination refers to how a _____________.

Accepted Answer

Discrimination in classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned response (CR) is triggered by one specific stimulus but not by other similar stimuli, indicating the ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and other non-associated stimuli.

Question 7

One major way that the CS and UCS are similar is that _____________.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) comes to elicit a response that is similar or the same as the response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) after the two have been associated together through conditioning. This is the fundamental principle of how classical conditioning works, leading to both stimuli eliciting the same behavioral response.

Question 8

A smart political candidate becomes friends with a very popular professional baseball player because she hopes that this will improve her popularity with the voters. With regard to classical conditioning principles, the professional baseball player would best be viewed as a(n) ____________.

Accepted Answer

The professional baseball player is best viewed as an already established conditioned stimulus (CS) because he already has a positive association in the minds of the voters, which the political candidate hopes to leverage to create a positive association with herself.

Question 9

The key factor in determining whether or not extinction will occur is _____________.

Accepted Answer

The key factor in determining whether or not extinction will occur is the repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). This process leads to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response.

Question 10

Under which of the following CS-UCS pairing conditions does learning usually occur most quickly?

Accepted Answer

Forward short-delay pairing is typically the most effective for learning because the conditioned stimulus (CS) is introduced just before the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), allowing the organism to anticipate the UCS and thus form a stronger association.

Question 11

When a dog salivates in response to a tone, the salivation would technically be considered a(n) ____________.

Accepted Answer

Salivation in response to a tone, when the tone has been associated with food, is considered a Conditioned Response (CR) because it is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned.

Question 12

In classical conditioning experiments, learning is typically fastest when the UCS is _________ and the time interval between the CS and the UCS is _________.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is most effective when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is more intense, making it more noticeable and memorable, and when the time interval between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the UCS is short, allowing the association between the two to be easily made.

Question 13

When the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS, the CR will gradually weaken in a process called _____________.

Accepted Answer

Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), leading to a gradual weakening of the conditioned response (CR).

Question 14

All of the following would strengthen the classical conditioning process, EXCEPT _____________.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) should follow the conditioned stimulus (CS) to effectively create an association. Presenting the UCS before the CS does not strengthen the conditioning process, as it contradicts the basic principle of classical conditioning where the CS should predict the UCS.

Question 15

Susanne developed a fear of cars after being in a crash. Using the principles of classical conditioning, the crash would be considered the __________. The fact that Susanne was fearful of all cars and not just the type that was in the crash demonstrates ____________.

Accepted Answer

The crash is the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) because it naturally (without prior conditioning) caused a fear response. Susanne's fear of all cars, not just the type involved in the crash, is an example of stimulus generalization, where the conditioned response is triggered by stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

Question 16

A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS during ________________.

Accepted Answer

Higher-order conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) by being paired with an already established CS, without the need for the original unconditioned stimulus.

Question 17

In a classical conditioning experiment that is utilizing backward pairing, the __________ is presented ________ the UCS.

Accepted Answer

In backward pairing, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented after the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which is the opposite of the typical order in classical conditioning experiments.

Question 18

If a CR has high stimulus generalization, then it will be triggered by ____________ stimuli(us), whereas if it has high discrimination, it will occur in response to ____________ stimuli(us).

Accepted Answer

High stimulus generalization means the conditioned response (CR) is triggered by several different stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus, indicating a broad response range. High discrimination means the CR occurs in response to a single, specific stimulus, indicating a narrow response range.

Question 19

Raj is training his puppy to fetch a rubber bone each time it is thrown afar, and Raj says "go." The puppy will learn to fetch the bone most quickly with _____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Raj is training his puppy to fetch...

Question 20

Although Cathy had successfully extinguished the association between unknown cars and fear for over a month, when she saw an unfamiliar car on her street, she felt fear again. This is an example of _____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Although Cathy had successfully extinguished the association...

Quiz 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

Which of the following correctly describes higher-order conditioning?

The unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response are similar in that they both are concerned with _____________.

On her 12^th birthday, Juanita ate cake and then felt nauseous due to the flu. Since then, Juanita begins to feel sick whenever she sees a cake. Juanita also feels sick whenever she sees cupcakes or cookies. The CS has ___________ to the other treats.

During the process of extinction, it is not uncommon for a CR to recur if, after a period of time has passed, the CS is presented again. This is known as ________________ recovery.

In classical conditioning, discrimination refers to how a _____________.

One major way that the CS and UCS are similar is that _____________.

A smart political candidate becomes friends with a very popular professional baseball player because she hopes that this will improve her popularity with the voters. With regard to classical conditioning principles, the professional baseball player would best be viewed as a(n) ____________.

The key factor in determining whether or not extinction will occur is _____________.

Under which of the following CS-UCS pairing conditions does learning usually occur most quickly?

When a dog salivates in response to a tone, the salivation would technically be considered a(n) ____________.

In classical conditioning experiments, learning is typically fastest when the UCS is _ and the time interval between the CS and the UCS is _.

When the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS, the CR will gradually weaken in a process called _____________.

All of the following would strengthen the classical conditioning process, EXCEPT _____________.

Susanne developed a fear of cars after being in a crash. Using the principles of classical conditioning, the crash would be considered the . The fact that Susanne was fearful of all cars and not just the type that was in the crash demonstrates __.

A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS during ________________.

In a classical conditioning experiment that is utilizing backward pairing, the __ is presented the UCS.

If a CR has high stimulus generalization, then it will be triggered by stimuli(us) , whereas if it has high discrimination, it will occur in response to stimuli(us) .

Raj is training his puppy to fetch a rubber bone each time it is thrown afar, and Raj says "go." The puppy will learn to fetch the bone most quickly with _____________.

Although Cathy had successfully extinguished the association between unknown cars and fear for over a month, when she saw an unfamiliar car on her street, she felt fear again. This is an example of _____________.

Quiz 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

Which of the following correctly describes higher-order conditioning?

The unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response are similar in that they both are concerned with _____________.

On her 12th birthday, Juanita ate cake and then felt nauseous due to the flu. Since then, Juanita begins to feel sick whenever she sees a cake. Juanita also feels sick whenever she sees cupcakes or cookies. The CS has ___________ to the other treats.

During the process of extinction, it is not uncommon for a CR to recur if, after a period of time has passed, the CS is presented again. This is known as ________________ recovery.

In classical conditioning, discrimination refers to how a _____________.

One major way that the CS and UCS are similar is that _____________.

A smart political candidate becomes friends with a very popular professional baseball player because she hopes that this will improve her popularity with the voters. With regard to classical conditioning principles, the professional baseball player would best be viewed as a(n) ____________.

The key factor in determining whether or not extinction will occur is _____________.

Under which of the following CS-UCS pairing conditions does learning usually occur most quickly?

When a dog salivates in response to a tone, the salivation would technically be considered a(n) ____________.

In classical conditioning experiments, learning is typically fastest when the UCS is _________ and the time interval between the CS and the UCS is _________.

When the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS, the CR will gradually weaken in a process called _____________.

All of the following would strengthen the classical conditioning process, EXCEPT _____________.

Susanne developed a fear of cars after being in a crash. Using the principles of classical conditioning, the crash would be considered the __________. The fact that Susanne was fearful of all cars and not just the type that was in the crash demonstrates ____________.

A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS during ________________.

In a classical conditioning experiment that is utilizing backward pairing, the __________ is presented ________ the UCS.

If a CR has high stimulus generalization, then it will be triggered by ____________ stimuli(us) , whereas if it has high discrimination, it will occur in response to ____________ stimuli(us) .

Raj is training his puppy to fetch a rubber bone each time it is thrown afar, and Raj says "go." The puppy will learn to fetch the bone most quickly with _____________.

Although Cathy had successfully extinguished the association between unknown cars and fear for over a month, when she saw an unfamiliar car on her street, she felt fear again. This is an example of _____________.

On her 12^th birthday, Juanita ate cake and then felt nauseous due to the flu. Since then, Juanita begins to feel sick whenever she sees a cake. Juanita also feels sick whenever she sees cupcakes or cookies. The CS has ___________ to the other treats.

In classical conditioning experiments, learning is typically fastest when the UCS is _ and the time interval between the CS and the UCS is _.

Susanne developed a fear of cars after being in a crash. Using the principles of classical conditioning, the crash would be considered the . The fact that Susanne was fearful of all cars and not just the type that was in the crash demonstrates __.

In a classical conditioning experiment that is utilizing backward pairing, the __ is presented the UCS.

If a CR has high stimulus generalization, then it will be triggered by stimuli(us) , whereas if it has high discrimination, it will occur in response to stimuli(us) .