Question 1

Ming is 12,and her Aunt Lin has come for a visit.Aunt Lin is using the spare bed in Ming's room.Several times during the night,Aunt Lin awakens briefly and then falls back to sleep.Ming doesn't awaken at all during the night.Which research result best explains this difference in sleep patterns

Accepted Answer

During adulthood, the proportion of slow-wave sleep gradually declines. This means that as individuals get older, they tend to have less deep sleep and more light sleep, which could explain why Aunt Lin is waking up briefly during the night while Ming is sleeping soundly.

Question 2

What will a person experience after being selectively deprived of REM sleep

Accepted Answer

Selective deprivation of REM sleep can lead to REM rebound, which is an increase in the amount and intensity of REM sleep after a period of deprivation. The person may experience vivid dreams and a disturbance in mood, but it is not necessarily related to hypochondriasis or NREM sleep.

Question 3

What happens to people who are selectively deprived of slow-wave sleep for several nights in a row

Accepted Answer

When people are selectively deprived of slow-wave sleep for several nights, they tend to make up for the lost slow-wave sleep when they are finally allowed to sleep without interruption. This phenomenon is part of the body's natural sleep recovery process.

Question 4

For the past month,Mikail has been getting only five to six hours of sleep,instead of the eight hours he is used to.What is a likely consequence of Mikail's reduced sleep

Accepted Answer

Reduced sleep can lead to impaired attention, coordination, and reaction time. This can affect daily activities such as driving or operating machinery, increasing risk of accidents. It can also impact cognition and memory. Hallucinations and night terrors are less likely consequences of reduced sleep than impaired attention and coordination. Anxiety symptoms could be a consequence, but it is not the most likely one based on the given information.

Question 5

What is the effect of selective REM sleep deprivation on daytime functioning

Accepted Answer

Selective REM sleep deprivation has surprisingly little impact on daytime functioning or task performance, contrary to what might be expected given the importance of REM sleep for various cognitive and emotional processes. Studies have shown that people can function relatively normally in their day-to-day activities without significant impairment in cognitive or motor functions, even after being deprived of REM sleep.

Question 6

Kara slips into REM sleep immediately after falling asleep.What has Kara probably experienced recently

Accepted Answer

Kara likely experienced selective sleep deprivation, which can cause REM rebound, leading to immediate entry into REM sleep upon falling asleep.

Question 7

If you could compare EEG recordings from a teenager and her grandmother,what should you expect

Accepted Answer

As people age, their overall sleep patterns tend to change, with older adults often experiencing shorter total sleep times. However, the proportion of REM sleep relative to total sleep time tends to remain relatively constant across the adult lifespan, around 20-25%.

Question 8

What would NOT have a higher incidence of sleep apnea

Accepted Answer

Although females can still develop sleep apnea, studies have shown that it is more common in males. Therefore, females would not have a higher incidence of sleep apnea compared to other groups listed in the options.

Question 9

During adulthood,there are changes in the proportions of sleep stages.Which of the following shows a gradual decline as we age

Accepted Answer

Slow-wave sleep, also known as stage 3 and 4 sleep, gradually declines in percentage as we age. In early adulthood, it makes up around 20% of total sleep time, while in older adulthood it may be less than 10%. Stages 1 and 2 sleep also decrease slightly with age, but not as significantly as slow-wave sleep. REM sleep remains relatively stable throughout adulthood. Therefore, the correct answer is C) slow-wave sleep.

Question 10

Melanie had a brain injury,and the ascending fibres in her reticular activating system were damaged.What is a likely consequence of the injury

Accepted Answer

The ascending fibres in the reticular activating system are responsible for maintaining wakefulness and consciousness. Damage to these fibres may result in an inability to wake up, leading to a state of coma or persistent vegetative state. Choice A, C, and D do not reflect the primary function of the reticular activating system in maintaining wakefulness, and are therefore less likely consequences of this specific injury.

Question 11

Which brain structure appears to be most important to sleep and wakefulness

Accepted Answer

The reticular formation appears to be most important to sleep and wakefulness. It is a network of neurons that projects through much of the brain and plays a key role in regulating arousal, attention, and the sleep-wake cycle. Damage to the reticular formation can result in comas or persistent vegetative states.

Question 12

Riley is happy this morning because Jennifer,his four-month-old infant,finally slept through the night for the first time.What would comparisons of EEG recordings show if they were available for both Riley and Jennifer

Accepted Answer

EEG recordings of infants show that they spend a greater proportion of their sleep time in REM sleep compared to adults. Therefore, Jennifer would have spent more time in REM sleep than Riley. Option A is incorrect because infants spend more time in REM sleep than adults, so Jennifer would have spent more time in REM sleep than Riley. Option C is incorrect because infants have more REM sleep and less NREM sleep than adults. Option D is incorrect because there is no evidence to suggest that Riley would have spent less time in NREM sleep compared to Jennifer.

Question 13

While serving as a subject at a sleep clinic,Tiana is deprived of dreaming for several nights.What is a likely result

Accepted Answer

Deprivation of dreaming for several nights is likely to cause REM rebound, where individuals spend more time in REM sleep on subsequent nights. This is the body's way of making up for lost REM sleep.

Question 14

What is more common in tropical climates

Accepted Answer

Napping is more common in tropical climates due to the hot weather and cultural norms of taking a siesta during the hottest part of the day. Narcolepsy and sleep paralysis are neurological sleep disorders that are not specific to climate, and repeated waking during the night may be more common in certain environments but is not necessarily exclusive to tropical climates.

Question 15

Cody is visiting his pen pal in a tropical,non-industrialized village.What is Cody likely to observe about the inhabitants of the village

Accepted Answer

Since the village is non-industrialized and likely has a warmer climate, it is common for people in such settings to take a nap during the day, known as a siesta. It is not clear from the scenario that co-sleeping or sleep stage patterns are different from those of Canadians.

Question 16

Which stages of sleep appear to be important for consolidation of various types of memory

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that both slow-wave and REM sleep play important roles in memory consolidation, with slow-wave sleep being particularly important for the consolidation of declarative memory and REM sleep being important for the consolidation of procedural memory. Stages 1 and 4 sleep have also been implicated in memory consolidation, but not to the same extent as slow-wave sleep. Stage 2 sleep also appears to play a role in memory consolidation, but again, not to the same extent as slow-wave sleep and REM sleep.

Question 17

Dakota is taking a prescription drug,and one of the side effects of the drug is an increase in the stimulation of ascending fibres in the reticular activating system.What is Dakota likely to experience

Accepted Answer

The reticular activating system plays a key role in wakefulness and arousal. Increased stimulation of ascending fibers in this system would likely lead to heightened alertness and difficulty in falling asleep.

Question 18

Imagine that a human was born with no pons.What would you predict about sleep for this person

Accepted Answer

The pons is an important area of the brainstem that plays a key role in the regulation of sleep and arousal. Specifically, it contains a group of neurons called the pontine nuclei, which are involved in the generation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Therefore, without a pons, it is likely that this person would not experience REM sleep.

Question 19

Shelby took part in a research study in which,for three consecutive nights,she was awakened each time she entered REM sleep.What will happen when Shelby is back at home

Accepted Answer

Shelby will experience "REM rebound," which means she will spend extra time in REM sleep for several nights to compensate for the REM sleep deprivation she experienced during the study. This is a common response to being deprived of REM sleep.

Question 20

Pascal took part in a research study in which,for three consecutive nights,he was awakened each time he entered slow-wave sleep.What will happen when Pascal is back at home

Accepted Answer

Pascal will experience a phenomenon known as "rebound" in which the body compensates for the loss of slow-wave sleep by spending extra time in this restorative sleep stage once the opportunity arises.

Quiz 5: A: Variations in Consciousness