Question 1

Which of the following characterizes phase 1 of Bowlby's model of attachment?

Accepted Answer

In phase 1 of Bowlby's model of attachment, infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures, which is characterized by their innate ability to recognize and respond to human faces and voices.

Question 2

Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than previously envisioned.In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?

Accepted Answer

The article states that infants have a perception of others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal-directed, which reflects their social sophistication and insight at young ages.

Answer: B 
 While infants may also develop a sense of self as an independent entity, this is not explicitly mentioned as reflecting their social sophistication and insight in the article.

Answer: C 
 While infants may develop finely refined sensory perceptions, such as vision and hearing, this is not explicitly mentioned as reflecting their social sophistication and insight in the article.

Answer: D 
 While infants may develop some ability to manipulate objects, this is not explicitly mentioned as reflecting their social sophistication and insight in the article.

Question 3

Which of the following observations about social orientation of infants is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Infants' affect displays during the still-face paradigm ARE linked to secure attachment during infancy.

Question 4

What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?

Accepted Answer

Social referencing refers to the ability to read emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation. It is an important skill for social interaction and development.

Question 5

Which concept helps the infant to understand that other people have intentions?

Accepted Answer

Joint attention is the concept that helps infants understand that other people have intentions. Joint attention involves two people focusing on the same object or event, and this helps infants learn that other people have their own ideas and desires. Habituation refers to the decline in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure, and the core knowledge approach is a theory that suggests that infants are born with innate cognitive abilities. The A-not-B error is a phenomenon where infants continue to look for an object in its original hiding place, even after seeing it moved to a new location.

Question 6

According to Freud,infants become attached to the person or object:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, infants become attached to the person or object that provides oral satisfaction, usually in the form of feeding. This is known as the oral stage of development, and Freud believed that the predominant source of pleasure and gratification for infants during this stage comes from oral activities such as sucking, biting, and chewing. Therefore, the person who provides these important sources of pleasure and satisfaction, typically the mother or primary caregiver, becomes the primary object of attachment for the infant.

Question 7

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,what is the time period of phase 2?

Accepted Answer

Phase 2 of Bowlby's attachment theory, known as "Attachment in the Making," occurs from 2 to 7 months, where infants begin to show preferences for familiar people.

Question 8

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,which of the following occurs during phase 3?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,which of...

Question 9

According to Erikson,_____ are keys to establishing a basic trust in infants.

Accepted Answer

Erikson believed that basic trust is established through consistent, sensitive care and physical comfort provided by the infant's primary caregiver. While feeding and contact comfort are important as well, physical comfort and sensitive care are emphasized as the keys to building trust in infants. Oral satisfaction is not mentioned as a key factor in Erikson's theory.

Question 10

According to John Bowlby,at what age do infants or children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?

Accepted Answer

According to John Bowlby, children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting from around 24 months onwards, as they develop a more complex understanding of social relationships and empathy.

Question 11

Juan has been showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play.He goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running.Juan is probably:

Accepted Answer

Between 18 and 24 months, children typically show increased imitative and reciprocal play, including imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running.

Question 12

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,which of the following is the time period for phase 3?

Accepted Answer

Phase 3, known as clear-cut attachment, occurs from 7 to 24 months of age. During this phase, infants have formed a strong attachment to their primary caregiver and display separation anxiety when separated from them. They may also exhibit behaviors such as clinging, crying, and searching for their caregiver when they return.

Question 13

In which of the following phases of Bowlby's model of attachment does attachment become focused on one figure,usually the primary caregiver?

Accepted Answer

Phase 2, the "attachment-in-the-making" phase, is when infants start to develop a preference for their primary caregiver and begin to form early attachments. However, it is not until Phase 3, the "clear-cut attachment" phase, that attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver. In this phase, infants show a strong desire to be near their attachment figure and use them as a secure base for exploration.

Question 14

During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,what is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which is from birth to about 2-3 months, infants do not show a preference for specific caregivers. They are likely to exhibit smiling or crying in response to any interaction, regardless of whether it comes from strangers, siblings, or parents. This phase is characterized by non-focused orienting and signaling, with the infant's behaviors being directed towards anyone.

Question 15

Which of the following would be considered a result of an infant who is having increased locomotive skills (walking,crawling,etc),during their second year of life?

Accepted Answer

Increased locomotive skills during the second year of life often lead to increased independent social interchanges as the child gains more confidence and explores their environment more actively. A and C may occur as a natural result of increased social interaction, but they are not necessarily directly related to locomotive skills. D is not a common result of increased locomotive skills.

Question 16

By two to three months of age,most infants expect people to react positively when the infants initiate a behavior,such as a smile or a vocalization.This finding has been discovered using a method called the:

Accepted Answer

The still-face paradigm is a research method in which a caregiver suddenly stops reacting to an infant's behavior and becomes unresponsive for a short period. This method has been used to demonstrate that infants as young as two to three months old expect people to react positively to their behavior, and become visibly upset or distressed when they do not receive a response.

Question 17

Quimby,15 months old,looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home.Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice.Quimby is engaging in:

Accepted Answer

Quimby is using her mother's emotional cues to make sense of the stranger's presence and determine whether the stranger is a threat or not. This is known as social referencing.

Question 18

What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers?

Accepted Answer

Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers showed that contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process, rather than just feeding. Monkeys showed a strong preference for the cloth mother that provided contact comfort, even when the wire mother provided food. This challenged the traditional view that feeding is the primary driver of attachment.

Question 19

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,how long does phase 1 last?

Accepted Answer

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, phase 1 lasts from birth to 2 months. This is the pre-attachment phase where infants show no preference for their caregiver over other people.

Question 20

Tara holds her two-month-old daughter,Sonia,close to her,makes eye contact,and smiles and sings softly to her.Tara is engaging in:

Accepted Answer

Face-to-face play involves direct interaction between an adult and a child that involves eye contact, smiling, and verbal communication. This type of play allows for bonding and early social development. Parallel play involves children playing alongside each other without direct interaction, joint attention involves two or more individuals focusing on the same object or activity, and imitation involves copying the actions of another individual.

Quiz 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy