Question 1

June's mother always wanted to be an actress and started leading June in that direction at around age two.Now June sees herself as an actress and nothing else.In which of Erikson's stages is June?

Accepted Answer

June has accepted her mother's idea of her identity without exploring or considering other options, which indicates identity foreclosure.

Question 2

The implication of the "Big Fish,Little Pond" idea is that

Accepted Answer

The "Big Fish, Little Pond" idea suggests that students in lower-achieving schools may have better self-concept because they compare themselves to a smaller pool of peers, making them feel like they are doing better in comparison. This is different from students in high-achieving schools who may feel like they are not as successful despite having similar abilities to their peers. Therefore, option A is the best choice.

Question 3

Jerry has become active with a group working to save America's topsoil.He believes that steps must be taken to prevent food shortages 100 years from now.George's situation represents Erikson's concern for

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development includes eight stages, and the seventh stage is called generativity versus stagnation. This stage occurs during middle adulthood and involves the desire to contribute to the next generation, leave a legacy, and make a positive impact on society. Jerry's involvement with a group to save America's topsoil demonstrates his desire to prevent future food shortages and make a difference in the world, which aligns with Erikson's concept of generativity.

Question 4

Ever since Maida was a child,her parents talked about the possibility of her becoming a doctor.They brought her chemistry sets and equipment,such as stethoscopes and tongue depressors.When Maida entered college,she enrolled in the pre-medical program without even considering other options.According to James Marcia,Maida is exhibiting identity

Accepted Answer

Maida's parents have influenced her decision to become a doctor since childhood, and she has accepted it without questioning it or exploring other options. This suggests that Maida is experiencing foreclosure - a state of identity in which an individual has committed to an identity without exploring possibilities or alternatives.

Question 5

The difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that

Accepted Answer

Self-concept refers to the beliefs and ideas one has about oneself, including attributes such as personality traits, abilities, and values. It is a cognitive structure as it involves thoughts and beliefs about oneself. On the other hand, self-esteem refers to the emotional assessment or evaluation of one's self-concept. It is an affective reaction as it involves feelings about oneself. Therefore, the correct choice is B where self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective reaction.

Question 6

The development of children's self-concept evolves by means of

Accepted Answer

Children develop their self-concept by constantly evaluating themselves in various situations, such as through academic performance or social interactions. This self-evaluation allows for a better understanding of their abilities and limitations, leading to the development of their self-concept. The other options (B, C, and D) may play a role in a child's self-concept development but are not as significant as constant self-evaluation.

Question 7

In a state of moral realism,a young child is likely to believe that

Accepted Answer

In a state of moral realism, children believe that certain actions are inherently right or wrong and deserve a certain level of punishment. Therefore, it is likely that a child in this state would believe that hitting two children deserves a stronger punishment than hitting one child. This belief is based on the understanding that causing harm to others is wrong and should be punished accordingly. Choices A, C, and D are not necessarily indicative of a state of moral realism.

Question 8

Programs designed to increase students' self-esteem such as "Student of the Month" have

Accepted Answer

The answer of Programs designed to increase students' self-esteem such...

Question 9

Seventeen-year-old Carl has considered several career options and has developed a firm career goal.Carl is experiencing identity

Accepted Answer

Identity achievement is the stage in which an individual has actively explored and committed to a sense of self and career path. Carl has considered several career options and has developed a firm career goal, indicating that he has achieved a sense of identity.

Question 10

A recent study that followed 761 middle-class students from first grade through high school discovered the following about diversity and self-esteem:

Accepted Answer

The study found that boys are more confident than girls in their abilities in math and sports, which aligns with common findings in gender studies related to self-esteem in specific areas.

Question 11

Which one of the following statements is $\bold{TRUE}$ regarding the development of self-concept?

Accepted Answer

As children grow older, their academic self-concept may become distinct from their physical self-concept. This is because physical abilities tend to peak earlier in life while academic abilities continue to develop and change over time. Additionally, social comparisons with peers become increasingly important as children get older, which can play a significant role in the development of academic self-concept. Choices A, C, and D are all false statements.

Question 12

Woolfolk has suggested that self-esteem is probably increased the most by

Accepted Answer

Woolfolk suggests that self-esteem is increased the most by demonstrating competence in valued knowledge domains, such as doing well in school, mastering a skill, or excelling in a hobby. This can lead to a sense of accomplishment and pride in one's abilities, which can boost self-esteem. While having a rich and diverse social life or receiving public recognition and rewards may also contribute to self-esteem, they are not as consistently linked to long-term increases in self-esteem as demonstrating competence in valued knowledge domains.

Question 13

Which one of the following students is expected to have the highest self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Richard won Best-of-Class in a statewide modelling competition, which is a significant achievement in a highly competitive field. This accomplishment is likely to increase his self-esteem more than winning a tennis tournament due to the level of competition and recognition for his talent.

Question 14

As children develop perspective-taking abilities,there is a gradual movement toward a state of

Accepted Answer

Perspective-taking abilities lead children towards understanding the importance of cooperation and considering the well-being of others, which marks the morality of cooperation. Moral dilemma and moral reasoning are more complex stages of moral development, which come later in life. Personal reward orientation refers to an individual's focus on their own benefit, which goes against the morality of cooperation.

Question 15

Frank said,"If I were starving,I'd steal a loaf of bread,but it would be wrong and against the law." What level of moral reasoning does Frank demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Frank said,"If I were starving,I'd steal a...

Question 16

Which one of Erikson's crises would you be $\bold{LEAST}$ likely to encounter in a K-12 classroom?

Accepted Answer

Integrity vs. despair is typically experienced in late adulthood when individuals reflect on their life and feel a sense of satisfaction or regret. This is not a crisis that would typically be encountered in a K-12 classroom. The other three crises relate more directly to child development and education.

Question 17

George attends a rural middle school in Virginia.On standardized achievement tests given in George's school,the school average is near the national average.George's friend Harold attends an elite private school in Washington,D.C.The average score of students at Harold's school on the same achievement measure is well above the national average.According to Marsh,George is more likely to feel better about his abilities than does Harold,even though both boys received high scores on the test.What developmental concept is illustrated?

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates the "Big Fish, Little Pond" effect, where individuals may feel more positive about their abilities when surrounded by peers who are less accomplished or in a less competitive environment. George may feel better about his performance compared to the lower school average, whereas Harold may feel less confident despite performing well in comparison to his high-achieving peers. This effect has been demonstrated in various academic and social contexts.

Question 18

Based on recent studies,which of the following children is likely to have the greatest difficulty with assessing the intention of others?

Accepted Answer

According to research, children who display high levels of aggression, such as Enid in this scenario, may have difficulty with assessing the intentions of others. This is because they tend to view others' behavior as hostile and may interpret ambiguous or neutral actions as aggressive. The other children (Bart, Liliana, and Philip) do not have indications that they may have difficulty in assessing the intentions of others, based on the given information.

Question 19

Dependence on peers,parents,and others begins to change to independence during what identity status?

Accepted Answer

Independence is a key aspect of the moratorium identity status, where individuals actively search for their own values and beliefs while temporarily delaying commitment to any one identity. This process involves a shift away from relying on external sources such as peers and parents, and instead developing a sense of independence and self-reliance.

Question 20

Christine can't decide what she wants to pursue when she graduates from high school this year."Life is so confusing," she thinks to herself."Perhaps it is best not to think about these decisions at all." Christine is experiencing identity

Accepted Answer

Christine's statement of avoiding making decisions about her future suggests that she is experiencing identity diffusion, where an individual has not explored or committed to any particular identity or role.

Quiz 3: Self and Social and Moral Development