Question 1

When a child is told by his parents that he is wrong to feel angry toward a brother or sister even when the anger is justified,the child has experienced what Rogers called

Accepted Answer

Conditions of worth are the external standards or expectations imposed on an individual that the person must meet to be accepted or loved. In this scenario, the child is being told that their justified anger towards their sibling is not acceptable, implying that their worth is conditional upon suppressing their emotions.

Question 2

According to Rogers,mirrors,photographs,video cameras,and the reactions of others hold both a fascination and threat for many people because they

Accepted Answer

According to Rogers, mirrors, photographs, video cameras, and the reactions of others hold a fascination and threat because they provide information about oneself. Rogers believed that people have a need for positive regard from others and that we develop a sense of self based on the feedback we receive from others. Therefore, these sources of feedback can be both fascinating and threatening because they have the potential to either confirm or challenge our sense of self. Choices A, C, and D are not accurate explanations of Rogers' perspective on this topic.

Question 3

Rogers believed that positive and negative evaluations by others,especially the parents,cause children to develop internal standards of evaluation called

Accepted Answer

Rogers posited that through experiences of positive and negative evaluations, particularly from significant figures such as parents, children internalize standards known as "conditions of worth." These are the conditions under which they believe they are worthy of positive regard from others.

Question 4

Which of the following translate our hopes,fears,fantasies,and goals into specific images of who we could be?

Accepted Answer

Possible selves are the images we have of who we could be in the future, based on our hopes, fears, fantasies, and goals. They provide direction and motivation for our behavior and decision-making. Ego ideals are a similar concept, but they specifically refer to the ideal version of ourselves that we strive to become. Actualized potentials are the skills and abilities we have already developed, and conditions of worth are external standards that we may feel the need to meet in order to feel valued or approved of by others.

Question 5

Students with which of the Big Five traits tends to embrace the carefree college lifestyle?

Accepted Answer

Students with high levels of extraversion tend to enjoy socializing and having fun, while those with high levels of agreeableness value harmony and positive relationships with others. Both of these traits are associated with embracing the carefree college lifestyle.

Question 6

Students with which of the Big Five traits find it easier to study harder?

Accepted Answer

Conscientiousness is the Big Five trait associated with being responsible, organized, and focused on achieving goals, which would make it easier for a student to study harder. Extraversion may lead to being more social and outgoing rather than studying, agreeableness may lead to prioritizing others' needs over studying, and neuroticism may lead to anxiety and distractibility.

Question 7

Asma feels that she is being too conscientious and is working too hard at school at the expense of having any fun.Although she still wants to make good grades,she wants to balance work and play better.So,she listens to stories of her extraverted friends and imagines herself going out and socializing more while still being a good student.To become more sociable and to have fun,Asma is using the _______ approach.

Accepted Answer

Asma is using the narrative approach by listening to stories of her friends and imagining herself in social situations. This approach involves the creation of a personal story or narrative to help change behaviors and thoughts. The other options (personal fable, projective, situation test) do not fit with the approach described in the scenario.

Question 8

The development of the self-image

Accepted Answer

The development of the self-image depends greatly on information from the environment, begins with a sorting of perceptions and feelings, and includes self-evaluations of whether "I am a good person." Therefore, option D involving all of these options is the best choice.

Question 9

Sue is about ten pounds over her ideal weight and has decided to go on a diet.In her mind,she has an image of herself as a slim person,wearing all the latest fashions if she maintains the diet.She also has an image of herself becoming grossly obese if she goes "off" the diet.These two images represent her

Accepted Answer

Sue's two images represent her possible selves, which are the different versions of herself that she can potentially become based on her behavior and choices. These possible selves can act as motivators for behavior change by providing a vision of who she wants to become and who she wants to avoid becoming.

Question 10

Yancy wants to become a famous artist and sculptor,but he does not want to be poverty-stricken.So,Yancy decides to get an art education degree so he can support himself while he works on his creations.Markus and Nurius would say that Yancy's decision was based on an exploration of his

Accepted Answer

Yancy's decision to get an art education degree to support himself while he works on his creations indicates an exploration of his possible selves - he is considering and planning for his future selves based on his current goals and aspirations.

Question 11

Rogers refers to internal standards of evaluation based on the approval or rejection of others as

Accepted Answer

Conditions of worth refer to external standards of evaluation imposed by others, which can lead to the development of an internalized self-concept that is based on approval or disapproval from others. Ego ideals refer to the idealized version of oneself that a person strives to become. Organismic valuing refers to the inherent tendency of individuals to know what is best for themselves and to direct their behavior accordingly. Possible selves refer to the various future selves that a person can imagine becoming.

Question 12

Our personalities are shaped by the stories we tell about ourselves,according to

Accepted Answer

The narrative approach proposes that our personalities are not predetermined, but rather shaped by the stories we tell about ourselves. It suggests that we construct our own identities through the narratives we create about our lives and experiences. This approach emphasizes the role of interpretation and meaning-making in shaping personality, and suggests that people can change their personalities by changing the stories they tell about themselves. The personal fable theory (A) refers to the belief that one is unique and special, while the projective approach (C) involves interpreting ambiguous stimuli to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings. Situational testing (D) involves observing behavior in response to specific situations.

Question 13

To think of oneself as being a good,lovable,worthwhile person is an example of

Accepted Answer

Positive self-regard refers to having a positive view of oneself, which includes seeing oneself as a good, lovable, and worthwhile person. It is a crucial component of healthy self-esteem and overall psychological well-being. The ideal self refers to one's perception of the person they would like to be, while narcissism is a personality trait characterized by excessive self-love and self-absorption. Incongruence refers to a mismatch between one's actual self and ideal self.

Question 14

Regarding how students approach college life and whether personality traits can change,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. While personality traits are generally stable, they can change over time with experiences and personal growth. It is possible for a carefree party animal to become more conscientious or for a bookworm to become more extraverted.

Question 15

Dalton is six years old and is told by his father on several occasions that "big boys don't cry" and "boys should not show fear." In these instances,Dalton is experiencing what Rogers called

Accepted Answer

Dalton is being taught that he should only show certain emotions and behaviors (not crying or showing fear) in order to gain approval and acceptance from his father (conditions of worth). This can lead to a disconnect between his true, authentic self (organismic valuing) and the self he is trying to present in order to meet these conditions.

Question 16

Regarding the malleability of traits,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

The statement that is false is D. It is actually the opposite - the more specific and detailed you make your narrative about your possible self, the more likely you are to become that self. The other statements are true: personality traits are generally stable, different traits can affect behavior in certain situations like college, and traits can change and develop over time with age.

Question 17

You are using the narrative approach.Whatever possible self you choose to pursue,you are more likely to become what you imagine if you

Accepted Answer

Elaborating your story and making it more detailed and "real" as you gradually adopt new patterns will strengthen your desired self-image and increase the likelihood of becoming that self. This approach is based on the narrative theory of personality and emphasizes the importance of constructing a compelling life story. Option B is not recommended as it suggests imitating someone who is not authentically you, which may lead to identity confusion and dissonance. Option C is relevant but not necessarily the most important consideration when using the narrative approach. Option D is incorrect as there is no fixed timeline for personality change and it varies depending on many factors.

Question 18

As people grow older,they tend to become more

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that as people age, they tend to become more conscientious and agreeable, meaning they become more responsible, organized and dependable, and also more empathetic, cooperative and compassionate. This is often referred to as the “maturity principle”.

Question 19

According to Rogers,conditions of worth often lead to a denial of one's true feelings and experiences,which prevent a person from developing a(n)

Accepted Answer

According to Carl Rogers, conditions of worth are the conditions we think we must meet in order for other people to accept us as worthy of their love or positive regard. When individuals internalize these conditions and live their lives according to them, they often deny their true feelings and experiences. This denial prevents them from developing a positive self-regard, which is an acceptance and love for oneself that is not contingent on meeting certain conditions.

Question 20

Marisa feels that she is being too careless and carefree at college,so she imagines herself studying more,getting to class on time,and getting good grades.Marisa also listens to the stories of successful students and uses them to revise her own story.To help herself to become a better student,Marisa is using the _______ approach.

Accepted Answer

Marisa is revising her own personal story by imagining herself as a more dedicated and successful student and listening to the stories of others. This approach is known as the narrative approach, which involves creating a positive and inspiring story for oneself in order to achieve a goal or overcome a challenge. The other choices (A, C, and D) do not accurately describe Marisa's approach. The personal fable refers to a belief in one's own exceptionalism and invincibility, which is not relevant in this situation. The projective approach involves projecting one's own thoughts and feelings onto others or interpreting ambiguous stimuli, which does not apply here either. The situation test involves observing how someone behaves in a given situation, which is not relevant to Marisa's self-improvement process.

Quiz 52: Personality: Psychoanalytic and Humanistic Theories