Question 1

A mute mental patient is first given a token each time he or she says a word.Next,tokens are given for speaking a complete sentence.Later,the patient is gradually required to speak more often,then to answer questions,and eventually to carry on a short conversation in order to receive tokens.This gradual improvement of the patient's communication skills is an example of

Accepted Answer

Shaping is the process of gradually teaching a new behavior, by reinforcing small steps towards that behavior. In this case, the patient's communication skills are gradually improved by reinforcing them for small steps towards better communication (e.g. saying a word, then a complete sentence, then answering questions, etc.). This is a form of shaping. Reciprocal inhibition refers to the process of reducing anxiety by introducing a competing response, classical conditioning is a method of learning by association, and systematic desensitization is a technique used to reduce anxiety by gradually exposing a person to their fear while they remain relaxed. None of these concepts  fully explain the gradual improvement in the patient's communication skills described above, so they are not the best choice.

Question 2

Toby likes to play with his sister's cat,but he often plays "too rough" with the cat.So,every time Toby begins to terrorize his sister's cat,his mother takes the cat and puts it in another room away from Toby.Toby's rough treatment of his sister's cat will

Accepted Answer

Toby's rough treatment is being reduced through time-out, where the consequence of his behavior (cat being taken away) decreases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. The other options are not appropriate in this scenario.

Question 3

An elementary school teacher practically ends classroom discipline problems by giving students "chances" in a lottery to be held at the end of the week for some small toy.The chances are given for completing assignments,paying attention,and so forth.The chances are considered

Accepted Answer

Tokens are objects or symbols that represent a certain amount of reinforcement, which can be exchanged for something of value. In this case, the chances given for completing assignments, paying attention, etc. represent tokens that can be exchanged for a small toy at the end of the week. Tokens are often used in behavioral interventions to reinforce desired behaviors and decrease undesirable ones.

Question 4

In institutional settings,tokens are

Accepted Answer

In institutional settings, tokens are often used as a form of currency that can be exchanged for candy, recreation, or privileges. This is done to provide positive reinforcement for appropriate behaviors and to motivate individuals to engage in desired activities or behaviors.

Question 5

To maximize the effects of a token economy,the therapist tries to focus on specific

Accepted Answer

To maximize the effects of a token economy, the therapist needs to identify and focus on specific target behaviors that need to be reinforced. Token economies are a form of behavior modification that use tokens or points as rewards for desirable behaviors. Therefore, having specific target behaviors that are clearly defined and measurable is crucial for the success of the token economy. Focusing on fears and anxieties (A), unconditioned responses (B) or response contingent punishments (D) are not directly related to the use of a token economy.

Question 6

Attention,approval,and concern

Accepted Answer

Attention, approval, and concern can be powerful reinforcers for humans, as they often seek social interactions and validation from others. However, if these reinforcers are given following misbehavior, it can increase the likelihood of the misbehavior occurring again in the future. During extinction training, these reinforcers are often removed in order to decrease the frequency of the targeted behavior. Therefore, all of these characteristics apply to attention, approval, and concern as reinforcers.

Question 7

Tokens have the advantage of providing _______ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Tokens provide immediate reinforcement as they can be given as soon as the desired behavior is exhibited, even if the actual reward is given later.

Question 8

Institutional settings,such as mental hospitals,halfway houses,schools for the intellectually disabled,programs for delinquents,and ordinary classrooms,make use of reinforcement,in the form of symbolic rewards that can be exchanged for real rewards.These symbolic rewards are called

Accepted Answer

The passage specifically states that institutional settings use "symbolic rewards that can be exchanged for real rewards," and these rewards are called "tokens." Therefore, choice A is the best answer. The other options, reinforcement operants, conditioned stimuli, and stimulus controls, are not mentioned in the passage as the specific name for these symbolic rewards.

Question 9

The desired behaviors a therapist selects for improvement (which are then reinforced)are called _______ behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Target behaviors are the specific behaviors a therapist selects for improvement in a client's behavior, which are then reinforced through various techniques such as positive reinforcement, shaping, and chaining. Choice A (adaptive) describes a general term for behaviors that are considered beneficial or helpful. Choice C (token) refers to a tangible item used as a reward in a token economy system. Choice D (contingent) refers to a behavior or consequence that is dependent on another behavior or event.

Question 10

When Thomas,an autistic boy,was ignored after instances of self-destructive behavior,his tendency to injure himself disappeared.The operant principle employed was nonreinforcement and will lead to which of the following occurring?

Accepted Answer

The operant principle employed was nonreinforcement, which means the behavior was not reinforced (ignored), leading to a decrease or disappearance of the behavior over time. This is known as extinction.

Question 11

Nonreward and time-out are typically used to bring about the

Accepted Answer

Nonreward and time-out are techniques used to decrease or eliminate maladaptive behaviors by not reinforcing them. This process is called extinction, which involves withholding reinforcement for the behavior, resulting in a decline in the behavior over time. Therefore, nonreward and time-out are used to bring about the extinction of maladaptive responses.

Question 12

Scolding misbehaving children in a classroom may actually increase misbehavior because of the

Accepted Answer

Scolding misbehaving children in a classroom may actually increase misbehavior because it reinforces the behavior with attention. Children who misbehave often do so to get attention, and even negative attention such as scolding can serve to reinforce the behavior. Therefore, it is important for teachers to use other methods, such as positive reinforcement or redirecting behavior, to address misbehavior in the classroom.

Question 13

By using tokens,a therapist can

Accepted Answer

By using tokens, therapists can immediately reward positive responses. Tokens are a form of positive reinforcement that can be used to encourage desirable behaviors, and they allow clinicians to provide immediate feedback and rewards for progress made in therapy. This can help to increase motivation and engagement in treatment and can be particularly effective in addressing specific behaviors or symptoms. While tokens may be used in combination with other interventions, such as desensitization or classical conditioning, their primary function is to provide a direct reward for positive responses.

Question 14

A staff psychologist who recommends the use of a "time­out" procedure for treating disruptive behavior is referring to time-out from

Accepted Answer

A time-out procedure involves removing attention and other rewards for disruptive behavior by temporarily removing the individual from the situation or activity. This helps to reduce the frequency of the behavior by eliminating the positive reinforcement associated with it. Option B is incorrect because time-out refers to removal from the environment altogether, rather than a change to a less stimulating environment. Option C is incorrect because time-out does not involve any physical punishment. Option D is incorrect because extinction involves withholding all forms of reinforcement for the behavior, not just attention and rewards.

Question 15

When a therapist selects "target behaviors," he or she means that such behaviors are being targeted for

Accepted Answer

When a therapist selects "target behaviors," it means that they are being targeted for modification, which is the process of changing or altering the behavior to achieve a specific goal. This is a common technique used in therapy, where the therapist identifies specific behaviors that are problematic or undesirable, and then works with the individual to develop strategies for changing or modifying those behaviors. Discrimination, classical conditioning, and experimentation are not directly related to the concept of targeting behaviors.

Question 16

Patti throws a temper tantrum in order to gain her mother's attention.However,her mother does not pay any attention and leaves the room.Patti stops her tantrum and follows her mother into the next room.To elimiate Patti's tantrums,her mother has used

Accepted Answer

The technique of time-out involves removing attention and reinforcement for a particular behavior. In this case, Patti's mother ignored her tantrum and left the room, which is a form of time-out. By not providing attention or reinforcement for the tantrum, Patti was discouraged from engaging in that behavior in the future.

Question 17

Which of the following are symbolic rewards,such as plastic chips,that can be exchanged for tangible rewards and are used to encourage positive changes in behavior?

Accepted Answer

Tokens are symbolic rewards that can be exchanged for tangible rewards and are commonly used in token economy programs to encourage positive changes in behavior. Operants refer to the behavior or action being reinforced, conditioned stimuli are neutral stimuli that have become associated with a certain response, and stimulus controls refer to the antecedent conditions that trigger a certain behavior.

Question 18

An elementary school teacher practically ends classroom discipline problems by giving students "chances" in a lottery to be held at the end of the week for some small toy.The chances are considered tokens,which are used to reinforce the completing of assignments,paying attention,and other

Accepted Answer

The chances or tokens are used to reinforce specific behaviors such as completing assignments and paying attention, which are the target behaviors the teacher wants to encourage.

Question 19

Which of the following serve as rewards because they may be exchanged for candy,food,cigarettes,recreation,or privileges,such as private (non-group)discussion time with a therapist,outings,or watching television?

Accepted Answer

Tokens serve as a form of currency that can be exchanged for various rewards or privileges, such as those listed (candy, food, cigarettes, etc.). They are often used in behavioral therapy as a way to reinforce desired behaviors.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a typical example of tokens?

Accepted Answer

Tokens are typically tangible items used as positive reinforcement in behavior modification or reward systems. Check marks, poker chips, and gold stars are all common examples of tokens. However, food or privileges, while they can be used as rewards or incentives, are not considered tokens in the same way as tangible items.

Quiz 67: Therapies: Behavior Therapies

Toby likes to play with his sister's cat,but he often plays "too rough" with the cat.So,every time Toby begins to terrorize his sister's cat,his mother takes the cat and puts it in another room away from Toby.Toby's rough treatment of his sister's cat will

An elementary school teacher practically ends classroom discipline problems by giving students "chances" in a lottery to be held at the end of the week for some small toy.The chances are given for completing assignments,paying attention,and so forth.The chances are considered

In institutional settings,tokens are

To maximize the effects of a token economy,the therapist tries to focus on specific

Attention,approval,and concern

Tokens have the advantage of providing _______ reinforcement.

Institutional settings,such as mental hospitals,halfway houses,schools for the intellectually disabled,programs for delinquents,and ordinary classrooms,make use of reinforcement,in the form of symbolic rewards that can be exchanged for real rewards.These symbolic rewards are called

The desired behaviors a therapist selects for improvement (which are then reinforced) are called _______ behaviors.

When Thomas,an autistic boy,was ignored after instances of self-destructive behavior,his tendency to injure himself disappeared.The operant principle employed was nonreinforcement and will lead to which of the following occurring?

Nonreward and time-out are typically used to bring about the

Scolding misbehaving children in a classroom may actually increase misbehavior because of the

By using tokens,a therapist can

A staff psychologist who recommends the use of a "timeout" procedure for treating disruptive behavior is referring to time-out from

When a therapist selects "target behaviors," he or she means that such behaviors are being targeted for

Patti throws a temper tantrum in order to gain her mother's attention.However,her mother does not pay any attention and leaves the room.Patti stops her tantrum and follows her mother into the next room.To elimiate Patti's tantrums,her mother has used

Which of the following are symbolic rewards,such as plastic chips,that can be exchanged for tangible rewards and are used to encourage positive changes in behavior?

An elementary school teacher practically ends classroom discipline problems by giving students "chances" in a lottery to be held at the end of the week for some small toy.The chances are considered tokens,which are used to reinforce the completing of assignments,paying attention,and other

Which of the following serve as rewards because they may be exchanged for candy,food,cigarettes,recreation,or privileges,such as private (non-group) discussion time with a therapist,outings,or watching television?

Which of the following is NOT a typical example of tokens?

Quiz 67: Therapies: Behavior Therapies

Toby likes to play with his sister's cat,but he often plays "too rough" with the cat.So,every time Toby begins to terrorize his sister's cat,his mother takes the cat and puts it in another room away from Toby.Toby's rough treatment of his sister's cat will

An elementary school teacher practically ends classroom discipline problems by giving students "chances" in a lottery to be held at the end of the week for some small toy.The chances are given for completing assignments,paying attention,and so forth.The chances are considered

In institutional settings,tokens are

To maximize the effects of a token economy,the therapist tries to focus on specific

Attention,approval,and concern

Tokens have the advantage of providing _______ reinforcement.

Institutional settings,such as mental hospitals,halfway houses,schools for the intellectually disabled,programs for delinquents,and ordinary classrooms,make use of reinforcement,in the form of symbolic rewards that can be exchanged for real rewards.These symbolic rewards are called

The desired behaviors a therapist selects for improvement (which are then reinforced) are called _______ behaviors.

When Thomas,an autistic boy,was ignored after instances of self-destructive behavior,his tendency to injure himself disappeared.The operant principle employed was nonreinforcement and will lead to which of the following occurring?

Nonreward and time-out are typically used to bring about the

Scolding misbehaving children in a classroom may actually increase misbehavior because of the

By using tokens,a therapist can

A staff psychologist who recommends the use of a "time­out" procedure for treating disruptive behavior is referring to time-out from

When a therapist selects "target behaviors," he or she means that such behaviors are being targeted for

Patti throws a temper tantrum in order to gain her mother's attention.However,her mother does not pay any attention and leaves the room.Patti stops her tantrum and follows her mother into the next room.To elimiate Patti's tantrums,her mother has used

Which of the following are symbolic rewards,such as plastic chips,that can be exchanged for tangible rewards and are used to encourage positive changes in behavior?

An elementary school teacher practically ends classroom discipline problems by giving students "chances" in a lottery to be held at the end of the week for some small toy.The chances are considered tokens,which are used to reinforce the completing of assignments,paying attention,and other

Which of the following serve as rewards because they may be exchanged for candy,food,cigarettes,recreation,or privileges,such as private (non-group) discussion time with a therapist,outings,or watching television?

Which of the following is NOT a typical example of tokens?

A staff psychologist who recommends the use of a "timeout" procedure for treating disruptive behavior is referring to time-out from