Question 1

The implicit memories that operate even among those with amnesia best illustrate the importance of

Accepted Answer

Implicit memories are memories that operate unconsciously and without our awareness. This demonstrates the importance of the unconscious mind and its influence on our behavior and thought processes, supporting the concept of unconscious thought. The other options (A, B, and D) are related to Freudian psychodynamic theory and defense mechanisms, which are not directly relevant to the concept of implicit memory.

Question 2

Which theory has been most severely criticized for offering after-the-fact explanations without advancing testable predictions?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theory has been criticized for offering after-the-fact explanations without advancing testable predictions. This is because key concepts of the theory, such as the unconscious and the id, are not directly observable and cannot be easily tested.

Question 3

Jacob,who is White,just met Trevor,who is Black.Jacob immediately does not like him and thinks he is a bad person.Without even realizing it,Jacob may have been automatically and unconsciously influenced by his preexisting

Accepted Answer

Jacob's immediate negative perception of Trevor without even knowing him suggests that he may have been influenced by negative stereotypes he holds about black people. Stereotypes are preexisting beliefs or attitudes about a group of people that can lead to unconscious bias and influence judgments and decisions.

Question 4

A major criticism of Freud's theory is that it

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory did not provide clear and specific predictions about behavior that could be tested and verified through empirical research. Therefore, it is difficult to evaluate the accuracy and validity of his theory.

Question 5

Which of Freud's idea has endured the test of time?

Accepted Answer

Freud's emphasis on the importance of the unconscious mind has endured and influenced modern psychology. The concept of the unconscious mind is still widely accepted and has informed many contemporary theories and therapies.

Question 6

Christine frequently cheats on her tax payments and she greatly overestimates the extent to which other people do the same.Her overestimate best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The false consensus effect refers to the tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their beliefs, values, and behaviors. Christine's belief that many others also cheat on their taxes is an example of the false consensus effect.

Question 7

In one study,men who reported strong anti-gay attitudes experienced greater sexual arousal when watching videos of homosexual men having sex even though they said the films did not make them sexually aroused.This study was said to offer support for Freud's concept of

Accepted Answer

This study provides support for Freud's concept of reaction formation, where individuals may repress or inhibit their true feelings or desires and express attitudes or behaviors that are the opposite of their true feelings. In this case, the men who reported strong anti-gay attitudes may have repressed their own same-sex desires, leading to a stronger sexual arousal when watching homosexual content, while simultaneously denying their own arousal, leading to a discrepancy between their reported and actual levels of arousal.

Question 8

Which of the following Freudian ideas is most consistent with today's psychological research findings?

Accepted Answer

Contemporary research supports Freud's view that conscious awareness is a limited aspect of mental activity. Research in cognitive psychology and neuroscience has found that much mental processing occurs unconsciously or implicitly, outside of conscious awareness.

Question 9

Compared with Freud,contemporary research psychologists are LESS likely to think of unconscious mental dynamics as involving

Accepted Answer

Contemporary research psychologists are less likely to emphasize repressive censoring as a mechanism of unconscious mental dynamics compared to Freud, who placed significant emphasis on repression as a key aspect of the unconscious mind. Modern perspectives often focus more on concepts like information processing, implicit memory, and brain activity, including that of the right hemisphere, in their understanding of the unconscious.

Question 10

Which of the following Freudian ideas is most clearly contradicted by contemporary psychological theory and research?

Accepted Answer

While Freud's idea of repression may still have some relevance in modern psychology, contemporary research suggests that painful experiences are not necessarily repressed, but rather may be actively suppressed or avoided through various coping mechanisms.

Question 11

Greg eats excessively.According to Freud,Greg is ________ in the oral stage of development.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed in the psychosexual stages of development, and the first stage is the oral stage which occurs from birth to around 18 months. In this stage, the main focus of pleasure is on the mouth, and fixation can occur if needs are not met properly. Greg's excessive eating behavior suggests fixation in the oral stage, specifically an oral-aggressive personality, in which an individual may overuse their mouth to express aggression or dissatisfaction.

Question 12

According to psychoanalytic theory,boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with

Accepted Answer

According to psychoanalytic theory, the fear of castration is a central part of the Oedipus complex, in which boys experience unconscious sexual desire for their mothers and perceive their fathers as rivals for their mother's affection. The fear of castration arises from their desire to possess their mother as an Oedipal goal and the perceived threat of punishment from the father for these desires.

Question 13

Which theory proposes that adherence to one's worldview is used to defend against a deeply rooted fear of death?

Accepted Answer

Terror-management theory proposes that adherence to one's worldview is used to defend against a deeply rooted fear of death. This theory suggests that humans are motivated to maintain a sense of self-esteem and meaning in life, and that their awareness of mortality creates anxiety, which is alleviated by the development and maintenance of cultural beliefs and values.

Question 14

Although Alex has frequently been caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers,he does not feel guilty or remorseful about robbing these people.According to Freud,Alex most clearly demonstrates

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the superego is responsible for the internalization of societal norms and values and serves as a person's conscience. Alex's lack of guilt or remorse may indicate a weak or underdeveloped superego, allowing his id (the unconscious, pleasure-seeking part of the psyche) to dominate.

Question 15

Survivors of traumatic events,such as rape or torture,are often haunted by persistent and vivid memories of this experience.This most clearly serves to challenge Freud's concept of

Accepted Answer

Freudian theory posits that traumatic experiences can be repressed into the unconscious mind in order to protect the individual from the anxiety associated with directly confronting these memories. However, the persistence and vividness of traumatic memories experienced by survivors challenge this aspect of Freudian theory, suggesting that these memories may not be as easily repressed as other types of memories.

Question 16

The psychodynamic perspective highlights all of the following except

Accepted Answer

The answer of The psychodynamic perspective highlights all of the...

Question 17

Freud thought that the ego attempts to satisfy the demands of the id in a way that will bring long-term benefits rather than pain.According to Freud,the ego operates on

Accepted Answer

The ego operates on the reality principle, which means that it tries to satisfy the demands of the id in a way that is realistic and beneficial in the long term rather than simply seeking immediate gratification (which is the pleasure principle). The other options (A and C) are related to different aspects of Freudian theory but are not directly related to the ego's function.

Question 18

Nick is very conscientious at work and is an agreeable,friendly person.These characteristics describe his

Accepted Answer

The characteristics mentioned (conscientiousness, agreeableness, and friendliness) refer to personality traits of an individual. These traits are stable patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings that distinguish one person from another. Therefore, Option D is the correct answer. Option A (fixation) refers to a Freudian concept related to unconscious conflicts during childhood development, and Option B (collective unconscious) refers to Jungian concept of a shared reservoir of memories and experiences common to all humans. Option C (superego) refers to the part of the psyche responsible for internalizing societal norms and values. These options are not relevant to the description of Nick's characteristics.

Question 19

People who frequently break speed limits tend to think that many others do the same.This false consensus effect is most similar to what Freud called

Accepted Answer

The false consensus effect, which is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our attitudes and behaviors, is most similar to Freud's concept of projection, which involves attributing one's own thoughts or impulses to others.

Question 20

Experimental studies of terror-management theory indicate that we defend ourselves against death anxiety by increasing our

Accepted Answer

Terror-management theory suggests that when confronted with thoughts of our mortality, we tend to bolster our self-esteem and worldview, often resulting in increased aggression towards those who threaten or challenge our beliefs (rivals), while simultaneously increasing our own self-esteem as a defense mechanism against death anxiety.

Quiz 45: Humanistic Perspective