Question 1

The eye is frequently compared with a camera,but in many ways the visual system is not like a camera.Explain why.

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Question 2

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel received a Nobel Prize in 1981 for the painstaking work they had done recording impulses from individual cells in the brains of cats and monkeys.Describe in detail what was learned about the visual system as a result of their work.

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Question 3

Perceptual illusions usually are harmless,in fact,we may find them amusing.Other times,however,illusions have led to tragic accidents.Explain why visual illusions occur.Describe two different illusions,one that is entertaining and one that could lead to dangerous consequences.

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Question 4

A camera is a passive recorder of the world,but the visual systems of mammals build up pictures of the world by detecting its meaningful features.Integrate the research on the visual system with information that was presented in Chapter Four regarding the thalamus,temporal lobes,and the visual cortex.

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Question 5

The skin's usefulness is more than just skin deep! Describe four ways that our skin is useful to us.What are the basic skin senses? What have scientists discovered as they have searched for receptors for these skin senses?

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Question 6

Light travels in the form of waves,and these waves affect three aspects of our visual world.Describe,in detail,the three aspects that are psychological dimensions of our visual experience.

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Question 7

The Gestalt psychologists belonged to a movement that began in Germany and became influential in the 1920s.What does the word "Gestalt" mean in German and why is it well suited to this theory? How did Gestalt psychologists study the organization of the visual world? Name four Gestalt principles and give an example that illustrates each principle.

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Question 8

There are two levels of processing involved in color vision.The first occurs in the retina and the second in the ganglion cells and in neurons in the brain.Analyze the reasons that we see the world in living color according to these two theories.What causes color blindness? How can color deficiency be explained? Describe the frequency of color deficiency based on gender and race.

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Question 9

Sound intensity is measured in units of measurement named after the inventor of the telephone,Alexander Graham Bell.What are these units called? Contrast the typical sound levels associated with several different environments.How can exposure to loud noises damage hearing?

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Question 10

Thousands of studies have been conducted on psychic phenomenon since the 1940s.What conclusions do our authors reach after reviewing these studies?

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Question 11

Pain remains a mystery in the field of psychology.Describe the gate-control theory and note its limitations.Include a discussion of phantom pain in your answer.How has Melzack revised this theory?

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Question 12

Our first chapter pointed out the difference between basic psychology and applied psychology.Distinguish between these two terms.Chapter Six notes that consumer products are sometimes designed with little thought for visual principles such as those formulated by the Gestalt psychologists.Describe some ways in which knowledge of Gestalt principles could be applied to the design of consumer products.

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Question 13

Like human infants,kittens are born with the ability to detect horizontal lines and vertical lines.In one famous study,kittens were exposed to either vertical or horizontal black and white stripes.Special collars kept them from seeing anything else,even their own bodies.In what way did the results of this study contribute to an understanding of critical periods in development? What evidence do we have of critical periods for sensory development in human beings?

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Question 14

Research on perception outside of conscious awareness reveals that people often know more than they are consciously aware that they know! How have researchers shown that a simple visual stimulus can affect a person's behavior? What has research revealed about subliminal persuasion?

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Question 15

What are the four basic tastes? What fifth taste has been proposed? What do the authors mean when they say that people live in "different taste worlds"?

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Question 16

The fact that some perceptual processes appear to be innate doesn't mean that all people perceive the world in the same way.Describe in detail four psychological factors that can influence what we perceive and how we perceive it.

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Question 17

Sound waves are collected by the outer ear and channeled down the auditory canal.Describe the major structures of the ear and describe the role each plays in the process of hearing.

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Question 18

In Chapter Four we learned that the peripheral nervous system had bundles of nerve fibers (axons and sometimes dendrites).Most of these nerves enter and leave the spinal cord,but the cranial nerves connect directly to the brain.Describe the role played by the cranial nerves that are involved in the senses of vision,hearing,and smell.

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Question 19

The human nose can detect aromas that the most sophisticated machines fail to detect.Explain what happens when you inhale vapors (airborne chemical molecules)from a rose.

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Question 20

Ordinarily we need to know not only what something is,but also where it is.Because vision doesn't give us this information directly,we must infer it.Explain how we perform this feat,giving examples of two visual cues that require the use of both eyes.The textbook notes that there are many visual cues that do not depend on having two eyes.Choose and describe five of the seven cues that depend upon one eye.

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Quiz 6: Exstintion: Sensation and Perception