Question 1

According to research presented in the text, which of the following ages is NOT correctly paired with the developmental milestone associated with it?

Accepted Answer

The developmental milestone of "developing a world of ideas" typically occurs later in a child's development than the 14 to 18 months range suggested. This phase is more accurately associated with the preschool years, when children's cognitive abilities allow for more complex thought processes and imaginative play.

Question 2

According to research presented in the text, mothers are more likely to hold infants for , whereas fathers are more likely to hold infants for ______.

Accepted Answer

The text mentions that research shows that mothers are more likely to engage in caretaking behaviors with infants, such as holding them for soothing purposes, while fathers are more likely to engage in play behaviors with infants, such as holding them to toss them in the air or tickle them. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer.

Question 3

The percentage of U.S. mothers with children under 3 years who work outside the home today is about:

Accepted Answer

According to a 2020 report by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the percentage of U.S. mothers with children under 3 years who work outside the home is 60%.

Question 4

Emotional signals, usually from a child's parents, that influence the child's behavior are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Emotional signals that influence a child's behavior are referred to as social referencing. Social referencing occurs when a child looks to their caregivers for cues on how to respond to a particular situation or emotional state. This is an important component of socialization and helps children learn appropriate emotional responses and behaviors in different situations.

Question 5

Lacy says she "hates" her little brother because he gets all the attention and causes all the trouble. Lacy's response is consistent with the basic idea behind the development of:

Accepted Answer

Lacy's response is consistent with the concept of sibling rivalry, which refers to competition, jealousy, and conflict between siblings for attention, resources, and affection from their parents. Sibling rivalry is a common phenomenon that occurs due to the natural feelings of rivalry, jealousy, and resentment that can arise when siblings are in close proximity and have to share the same resources and parental attention. Lacy's resentment towards her little brother is a common manifestation of sibling rivalry, where the older sibling often perceives the younger sibling as a threat to their position within the family.

Question 6

Which of the following patterns of parental discipline will be most likely to lead to a positive resolution of conflict between developing autonomy versus shame and doubt?

Accepted Answer

Discipline that places an intermediate amount of limits on the child's behavior is most likely to lead to a positive resolution of conflict between developing autonomy versus shame and doubt. A complete lack of limits can lead to confusion and anxiety, while too many limits can stifle the child's autonomy and independence. An intermediate amount of limits allows the child to explore and make choices within appropriate boundaries, promoting a sense of competence and self-efficacy.

Question 7

Barnes decides to offer a course that will examine the patterns of how humans interact with others, focusing on issues related to an individual's characteristic beliefs and attitudes. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this course?

Accepted Answer

The course is examining the patterns of how humans interact with others and focusing on issues related to an individual's attitudes and beliefs, which are all aspects of personality. Temperament and attachment are specific components of personality and may be too narrow for the scope of the course. Individual differences may also be too broad and not sufficiently focused on interpersonal interactions.

Question 8

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the first critical developmental issue that is resolved in the first year of life?

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson, the first critical developmental issue that is resolved in the first year of life is trust versus mistrust. This stage of psychosocial development is centered around the infant's ability to trust their primary caregiver to provide for their basic needs and provide a sense of comfort and security. If the infant's needs are consistently met, they develop a sense of trust; if their needs are not met, they may develop a sense of mistrust towards their caregiver and the world in general.

Question 9

Suppose you observe a father and his infant daughter in a laboratory and they are playing together. At some point, the father stops responding to his daughter and the experimenter records how the child reacts. The term for an experiment of this type is:

Accepted Answer

This scenario describes a still-face experiment, where the father intentionally stops responding to the infant to observe how the child reacts to the lack of interaction. A habituation experiment would involve repeated exposure to a stimulus to see if the response decreases over time. Classical conditioning would involve pairing two stimuli to create a learned response. A visual cliff experiment would involve placing an infant on a glass surface that appears to be a drop-off to see if they can visually perceive depth.

Question 10

According to the text, when a second child is born, parents can best help the older child adjust successfully by:

Accepted Answer

Setting aside time to be with only the older child and giving her all of their attention can help her adjust to the arrival of the new baby. It allows the older child to feel valued, recognized and loved despite the presence of a new family member. Encouraging the older child to spend as much time as possible with the new baby may not always be feasible immediately after birth but should be introduced gradually over time. The other options, not allowing interaction and seldom allowing the older child time with the parents may lead to feelings of neglect, resentment or jealousy towards the new baby.

Question 11

According to Freud, the first year of life is centered mostly on how the child's ______ needs are satisfied:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the first stage is the oral stage, which occurs from birth to around 12 months. During this stage, the infant's primary source of pleasure and satisfaction comes from the mouth (sucking, biting, and chewing). This stage is characterized by the child's dependence on adults to satisfy their oral needs, such as hunger and thirst. Therefore, the correct answer is A) oral.

Question 12

Robin's parents are drug addicts and therefore are unresponsive to her needs. Although they provide enough food for her to eat, they pay little attention to her and she spends most of her time unattended and alone. When Robin goes to kindergarten, the teacher is concerned because she is so small and thin, and she has trouble eating the school lunch without vomiting. The most likely diagnosis for Robin's condition is:

Accepted Answer

Failure-to-thrive syndrome is characterized by a lack of physical growth or development, which is often caused by inadequate nutrition and a lack of emotional and social stimulation. In Robin's case, her parents' neglect and drug addiction have likely contributed to her failure to thrive. Anemia, malnutrition, and stunting may be consequences of failure-to-thrive syndrome, but they do not capture the whole picture of the condition.

Question 13

The key word in the text's distinction between child abuse and child neglect is:

Accepted Answer

The text states that child neglect is defined as "a failure to meet a child's basic needs, including physical, educational, and emotional needs." It goes on to explain that child abuse, on the other hand, involves intentional harm to a child, including physical, sexual, or emotional harm. Therefore, the key word that distinguishes the two is "intentional," making choice C the best answer.

Question 14

According to research presented in the text, which of the following ages is correctly paired with the developmental milestone associated with it?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to research presented in the text,...

Question 15

At the daycare center, Maria sees another child crying so she breaks her own cookie in half and offers a piece to the crying child. Maria's behavior is best considered as a demonstration of the principle of:

Accepted Answer

Maria's behavior of offering a piece of her cookie to the crying child displays prosocial behavior, which involves actions that benefit others and promote well-being. Prosocial behavior is often motivated by empathy, a concern for others' feelings, and a desire to help. Maria's actions show her ability to exhibit empathy towards the crying child and her willingness to help and comfort them.

Question 16

According to research presented in the text, younger fathers are more likely to behave like ____________ when they play with their children whereas older fathers are more likely to behave like ___________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to research presented in the text,...

Question 17

Which of the following children would likely have the easiest time developing a healthy sense of autonomy?

Accepted Answer

Children who are securely attached to their caregivers tend to have an easier time developing a healthy sense of autonomy. This is because they have a secure base from which to explore the world and can trust that their caregivers will be there to support and comfort them when needed. Children who are experiencing high levels of stranger anxiety (A) or have learned to be mistrustful of their caregivers (D) may struggle to develop autonomy due to fear and mistrust. Children who are not securely attached to their mother (C) may also struggle with autonomy as they may not have a secure base from which to explore and may struggle with self-regulation.

Question 18

According to the results of Mary Ainsworth's studies, about what percent of children raised in the United States experience insecure attachment relationships with their caregivers?

Accepted Answer

According to Mary Ainsworth's studies, about 30-40% of children raised in the United States experience insecure attachment relationships with their caregivers.

Question 19

According to the views of Mary Ainsworth, the form of attachment in which a strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver develops because of responsive caregiving is called:

Accepted Answer

Mary Ainsworth's research on attachment led her to formulate the concept of secure attachment, also known as "secure base." This form of attachment is characterized by a strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver that develops over time due to consistent, responsive caregiving. In this type of attachment, the child feels confident and secure in exploring their environment because they know their caregiver will provide support and comfort when needed.

Question 20

Baby Chuck is picked up by a stranger. He immediately looks at his mother's face, and judges his reaction based on whether she expresses pleasure or concern. Chuck's reliance on cues from his mother in forming his own reaction is best considered an example of:

Accepted Answer

Chuck's behavior of looking to his mother for cues on how to react to the stranger is an example of social referencing. Social referencing is the process of using cues from others, typically a caregiver, to interpret and respond to ambiguous stimuli in the environment. In this case, Chuck is using his mother's facial expression as a cue to determine how he should feel about the stranger. Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety are related concepts but refer to more generalized fears and distress related to being away from or interacting with familiar caregivers. Prosocial behavior refers to actions intended to benefit others, which is not demonstrated in this scenario.

Quiz 5: Infancy and Toddlerhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development

According to research presented in the text, which of the following ages is NOT correctly paired with the developmental milestone associated with it?

According to research presented in the text, mothers are more likely to hold infants for , whereas fathers are more likely to hold infants for ______.

The percentage of U.S. mothers with children under 3 years who work outside the home today is about:

Emotional signals, usually from a child's parents, that influence the child's behavior are referred to as:

Lacy says she "hates" her little brother because he gets all the attention and causes all the trouble. Lacy's response is consistent with the basic idea behind the development of:

Which of the following patterns of parental discipline will be most likely to lead to a positive resolution of conflict between developing autonomy versus shame and doubt?

Barnes decides to offer a course that will examine the patterns of how humans interact with others, focusing on issues related to an individual's characteristic beliefs and attitudes. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this course?

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the first critical developmental issue that is resolved in the first year of life?

Suppose you observe a father and his infant daughter in a laboratory and they are playing together. At some point, the father stops responding to his daughter and the experimenter records how the child reacts. The term for an experiment of this type is:

According to the text, when a second child is born, parents can best help the older child adjust successfully by:

According to Freud, the first year of life is centered mostly on how the child's ______ needs are satisfied:

The key word in the text's distinction between child abuse and child neglect is:

According to research presented in the text, which of the following ages is correctly paired with the developmental milestone associated with it?

At the daycare center, Maria sees another child crying so she breaks her own cookie in half and offers a piece to the crying child. Maria's behavior is best considered as a demonstration of the principle of:

According to research presented in the text, younger fathers are more likely to behave like __ when they play with their children whereas older fathers are more likely to behave like _.

Which of the following children would likely have the easiest time developing a healthy sense of autonomy?

According to the results of Mary Ainsworth's studies, about what percent of children raised in the United States experience insecure attachment relationships with their caregivers?

According to the views of Mary Ainsworth, the form of attachment in which a strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver develops because of responsive caregiving is called:

Baby Chuck is picked up by a stranger. He immediately looks at his mother's face, and judges his reaction based on whether she expresses pleasure or concern. Chuck's reliance on cues from his mother in forming his own reaction is best considered an example of: