Question 1

In an experiment summarized in the textbook, young children were asked to draw with markers under one of three conditions: expected reward, unexpected reward, or no reward for using the markers. In which condition did children use the markers the least?

Accepted Answer

The young children used the markers the least under the expected reward condition. This is believed to be because the external motivation of the expected reward stifled the children's intrinsic motivation to engage in the task for its own sake.

Question 2

In the overjustification effect, an activity initially has intrinsic interest, but if ____________ factors are made more salient, such as by giving a reward, then people will discount their own intrinsic reasons for doing the behavior.

Accepted Answer

The overjustification effect occurs when people's intrinsic reasons for doing a behavior are undermined by the introduction of extrinsic factors, such as rewards. This means that if extrinsic factors become more salient, people will discount their own intrinsic reasons for doing the behavior. Therefore, C is the correct answer as it refers to extrinsic factors.

Question 3

Strategies that help individuals develop and express their own self are autonomy supportive; the opposite of autonomy support is

Accepted Answer

Autonomy support is about fostering independence and allowing individuals to make their own choices. Therefore, the opposite of autonomy support would be control, as it involves someone else making choices for the individual and limiting their independence. Punishment and criticism could also be considered unsupportive, but they are specific actions rather than a general concept.

Question 4

Personality theorists refer to the connection between choice and behavior as locus of _______________.

Accepted Answer

The term "locus of causality" refers to the perceived source of control over events in one's life, which is a key concept in personality psychology relating to how individuals attribute cause and effect in their behaviors and choices.

Question 5

A reward that is experienced as controlling will undermine intrinsic interest, but one that is experienced as ______________ will increase feelings of competence and not undermine intrinsic interest.

Accepted Answer

Rewards that are experienced as informational support an individual's sense of competence by providing feedback about their performance, without exerting control over their behavior. This can enhance intrinsic motivation by making individuals feel more capable and autonomous in their actions.

Question 6

Some schools go to great lengths to structure a school day for students. They tell children where to be at a given time, how long to be there, and what they are to do while they are there. In additio,n they give them a large number of rules. From the perspective of self-determination theory, this type of structure will

Accepted Answer

Self-determination theory suggests that providing too much external structure can hinder a child's development of their need for autonomy, which is one of the primary components of self-determination. When children are given too many rules and told what to do constantly, they may not have the opportunity to make decisions for themselves or take responsibility for their own actions, which undermines their sense of autonomy.

Question 7

For Rotter, _______________ describes the connection between behavior and outcomes.

Accepted Answer

Rotter's main contribution to personality psychology is the concept of locus of control, which describes the degree to which individuals believe that their behavior can influence the outcomes they experience. Individuals with an internal locus of control believe that their own actions and decisions are the primary determinants of their life outcomes, while those with an external locus of control believe that their fate is largely determined by external factors such as luck or other people's actions. Therefore, D is the best choice as it directly refers to Rotter's concept of locus of control.

Question 8

The textbook summarizes an experiment in which children were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. The following instructions were given to which experimental group? "I know that sometimes it's really fun to just slop the paint around, but here the materials and room need to be kept nice for the other children who will use them."

Accepted Answer

This instruction is an example of autonomy supportive limits because it acknowledges the child's perspective ("I know that sometimes it's really fun to just slop the paint around") while also setting clear boundaries ("but here the materials and room need to be kept nice for the other children who will use them"). This approach supports the child's autonomy by recognizing their feelings and desires, yet guides their behavior within set limits.

Question 9

Rotter defines an individual with a(n) _____________ locus of control as one who believes that what happens to her/him is the result of chance, luck, fate, or other people.

Accepted Answer

Rotter's definition of an individual with an external locus of control is someone who believes that external factors such as chance, luck, fate, or other people have a greater influence over their outcomes than their individual actions or abilities. This is in contrast to an individual with an internal locus of control, who believes that their actions and decisions have a direct impact on their outcomes. Therefore, option C is the best choice as it accurately reflects Rotter's definition.

Question 10

According toe self-determination theory, each of the following is one of the three basic and universal psychological needs

Accepted Answer

The answer of According toe self-determination theory, each of the...

Question 11

When we are ______________ motivated we act on the basis of our own desires and choices and tend to behave in ways that we find satisfying.

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by internal rewards, such as personal interests or enjoyment, rather than external rewards or pressures. When we are intrinsically motivated, we are more likely to engage in behaviors that we find personally satisfying, rather than just doing something for the sake of a reward or to avoid punishment.

Question 12

The textbook states that an important part of satisfying the need for competence is working on tasks that are

Accepted Answer

Tasks that are optimally challenging provide a balance between the individual's skill level and the task's difficulty level. This helps to promote a feeling of competence, as the individual is able to successfully complete the task while still feeling challenged. Easy tasks may not be challenging enough to promote a sense of competence, while maximally challenging tasks may be too difficult and lead to frustration and a lack of motivation.

Question 13

As defined by Csikszentmihalyi, flow is an experience marked by

Accepted Answer

Flow is characterized by complete absorption in a task or activity, where the individual loses track of time and gets in a state of focus and enjoyment. Dreaming, heightened fear, and enlightenment are not specific characteristics of flow.

Question 14

Synonyms mentioned in the textbook for "flow" include all of the following

Accepted Answer

The answer of Synonyms mentioned in the textbook for "flow"...

Question 15

You have been asked to design a program for a school to increase the likelihood that children will continue to read on their own after school and during holidays. The program you design will focus on

Accepted Answer

The answer of You have been asked to design a...

Question 16

According to the __________________ theory of Deci and Ryan, there is a big difference between engaging in an activity because of extrinsic reasons and engaging in the same activity for intrinsic reasons.

Accepted Answer

The theory being referred to is the self-determination theory of Deci and Ryan, which focuses on the differences between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation for engaging in activities. The other choices are not relevant to this theory.

Question 17

According to Csikszentmihalyi, engagement in tasks that have a clear set of goals, that require appropriate responses, give immediate feedback, and in which people are operating at their maximum capacity can lead to a positive state called

Accepted Answer

Csikszentmihalyi's concept of "flow" refers to a positive state of engagement and absorption in a task that meets certain criteria, such as clear goals and immediate feedback. The other choices (ecstasy, self-actualization, grove) are not specifically linked to Csikszentmihalyi's theory of flow.

Question 18

Self-determination theory is grounded in the _______________ tradition which emphasizes responsibility, growth, and the actualizing tendency.

Accepted Answer

Self-determination theory is rooted in the humanistic tradition, which emphasizes individual autonomy, growth, and self-actualization. This perspective emphasizes the importance of personal responsibility and self-determination in promoting positive psychological outcomes.

Question 19

Carl Rogers developed the idea that individuals are active organisms designed to grow and develop. He suggested that almost everyone operates according to the ___________ tendency, or the motive to bring about growth and positive change.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed that the actualizing tendency, or the urge to fulfill one's potential and become the best version of oneself, is a fundamental motive that drives human behavior. This tendency is believed to be present in almost everyone, and it leads people to seek out experiences and situations that promote personal growth and wellbeing. Therefore, option B - actualizing - is the best choice.

Question 20

According to the textbook one way to support autonomy is by providing

Accepted Answer

Providing choice is a way to support autonomy because it allows individuals to have control over their decisions and actions. This promotes a sense of ownership and responsibility, which in turn can lead to increased motivation and satisfaction. Freedom can also be important for autonomy, but without choices, individuals may feel directionless and powerless. Direction and criticism, on the other hand, can be useful in certain contexts but may limit autonomy if they are too prescriptive or negative.

Quiz 9: Regulation and Emotion: Self-Determination Theory