Question 1

A scientific theory is a set of

Accepted Answer

A scientific theory consists of logically related statements that aim to describe, explain, and predict phenomena, which can include human behavior among other things. It is not merely a collection of facts, predictions, or opinions.

Question 2

The statement,"If children learn aggression from models,then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent shows," is an example of a

Accepted Answer

The statement is posing a possible relationship between two variables (watching violent television and aggression in children) and is therefore a hypothesis.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true of scientific theories?

Accepted Answer

Scientific theories are subject to change as new evidence and findings are uncovered. This is because they are based on the best available evidence at the time, and as technology and knowledge advances, these theories may need to be updated or revised to account for new data. Therefore, option C is the correct statement about scientific theories.

Question 4

As an assignment for a developmental psychology class,Darius interviewed his grandparents to learn more about their life experiences.In the interview,Darius learned that his grandparents view development as lifelong.The idea that personality development occurs throughout the life span is consistent with ______ theory.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's psychosocial theory proposes that personality development occurs throughout the lifespan and is heavily influenced by social experiences, which aligns with Darius's grandparents' view. Freud's psychosexual theory focuses on childhood experiences, while Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes the role of observational learning and modeling in development. Bowlby's ethological theory focuses on attachment and bonding in infancy.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic issues that theorists address when explaining child development?

Accepted Answer

While culture is certainly an important factor in child development, not all theorists view development as culturally determined. Therefore, the issue of whether all development is culturally determined is not one of the basic issues that theorists address when explaining child development.

Question 6

A major distinction between Freud's and Erikson's views of development is that Erikson

Accepted Answer

Erikson believed that development is a lifelong process, with each stage of life presenting a unique psychosocial crisis to be resolved. In contrast, Freud's psychosexual stages emphasized early childhood experiences as the most important for development. While Erikson did not specifically emphasize female development, he believed that development occurs within the context of one's cultural and social environment, rather than being solely determined by biology. Both Erikson and Freud believed that unconscious processes play a role in development, but Erikson's theory focuses more on the conscious efforts of individuals to resolve psychosocial conflicts.

Question 7

Armond argues that unconscious forces motivate people to behave the way they do.Armond's position is similar to the __________ perspective of development.

Accepted Answer

Armond's argument that unconscious forces motivate behavior aligns with the psychoanalytic perspective, which holds that behavior is influenced by unconscious thoughts, feelings, and conflicts.

Question 8

Sigmund Freud believed that people are motivated primarily by

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis posits that unconscious forces, such as repressed emotions, childhood experiences, and unconscious desires, drive behavior. Freud believed that these unconscious forces could be brought to consciousness through therapy, which could help individuals overcome neuroses and other psychological issues. Therefore, Freud believed that people are primarily motivated by these unconscious forces.

Question 9

According to Freud,during the first year of life,the part of the personality that represents reason and operates on the "reality principle" becomes more evident in the baby's behavior.This is due to the development of the

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory, the first year of life is dominated by the id, which is the primitive and instinctive part of the psyche. However, as the child begins to interact with the environment, the ego begins to develop. The ego operates on the "reality principle," allowing the child to satisfy their needs in socially acceptable ways. Therefore, the best choice is B (ego).

Question 10

Each of Erikson's stages of development involves a psychosocial challenge,or _______,hat is important at a particular time.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory posits that each stage of development is characterized by a specific psychosocial crisis that must be resolved by the individual to develop healthily.

Question 11

According to Freud,the element of personality that operates under the pleasure principal is referred to as the

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of personality, the id operates under the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification for our instinctual drives and desires. The id is the most primitive and unconscious part of personality, and is responsible for our basic biological needs and impulses. Therefore, the correct choice is B) id.

Question 12

Before designing her research study,Dr.Bennett predicts that infants who have poor diets will have academic problems later in life.Dr.Bennett's prediction is an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

Dr. Bennett's prediction is a testable statement or educated guess about the relationship between poor diets during infancy and later academic problems. This is the definition of a hypothesis. A theory is a broader explanation that is based on multiple studies and experimental evidence. An interpretation is an explanation of the meaning or significance of research findings. A conclusion is the final result or outcome of a study that summarizes the findings.

Question 13

Parents who are up all night attending to the almost insatiable demands of their newborn babies are often frustrated by infants' apparent tendency to operate on the "pleasure principle." The pleasure principle is associated with the

Accepted Answer

The pleasure principle is associated with the id, which is the part of the personality that contains our primitive impulses such as the desire for immediate satisfaction of our wants and needs.

Question 14

At age 1,Suzi had a vocabulary of 10 words.Now,at 2 years of age,she has a vocabulary of over 100 words.This reflects a(n)_____ developmental change.

Accepted Answer

The increase in Suzi's vocabulary from 10 words to over 100 words is a quantitative developmental change as it is a measurable increase in the number of words known.

Question 15

Joseph hits his brother with a toy while playing and feels guilty about it afterwards.According to Freud,these feelings reflect the operation of the

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the superego is responsible for guilt and the internalization of societal and parental values. Therefore, Joseph's feelings of guilt reflect the operation of his superego.

Question 16

According to Freud,children move through five stages of psychosexual development.The sequence of these stages is

Accepted Answer

This is the correct sequence of Freud's stages of psychosexual development. The oral stage occurs from birth to one year, the anal stage occurs from one to three years, the phallic stage occurs from three to six years, the latency stage occurs from six years to puberty, and the genital stage occurs from puberty onward.

Question 17

According to Freud's theory,a 4-year-old child who has become attached to the parent of the other sex and regards the same-sex parent as a rival is considered to be in the __________ stage of psychosexual development.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory, the phallic stage of psychosexual development occurs from ages 3 to 6, during which a child becomes attached to the parent of the opposite sex and regards the same-sex parent as a rival for that love. This is known as the Oedipus complex in boys and the Electra complex in girls. Therefore, the 4-year-old child described in the question is in the phallic stage of psychosexual development.

Question 18

Freud maintained that children develop in an unvarying sequence of five maturation-based stages of _____ development.

Accepted Answer

Freud proposed that children go through five stages of psychosexual development, and these stages are characterized by a fixation on different parts of the body. These stages include the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the latency stage, and the genital stage. Therefore, choice D, psychosexual, is the correct answer.

Question 19

Mrs.Dobber,a teacher,believes that fourth graders are at a stage of psychosexual development characterized by relative calm.Mrs.Dobber's students are in the _________ stage,which occurs during middle childhood.

Accepted Answer

The latency stage occurs during middle childhood, typically between the ages of 6 and 12. During this stage, according to Freud's psychosexual development theory, children's sexual and aggressive urges are repressed and they focus on developing social and intellectual skills. Mrs. Dobber's belief that fourth graders are at a stage of relative calm and development aligns with the characteristics of the latency stage.

Question 20

Keesha is worried that her mother will find out that she accidentally broke her brother's truck.She is starting to develop a conscience.Which of the following psychosexual stages includes our conception of a "conscience?"

Accepted Answer

The Superego is responsible for our moral values and conscience. It is developed during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, which occurs around ages 3-6. Keesha's concern for hiding her mistake and developing a sense of right and wrong suggest that she is beginning to form a Superego. The Id represents our primal desires and instincts, the Ego mediates between the Id and the external world, and libido refers to the overall sexual energy in the body, none of which directly relate to the development of a conscience.

Quiz 2: A Childs World: How We Discover It