Question 1

When people act happy or fearful, they feel happier or more afraid. This finding lends some support to _____ theory of emotion.

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events. When people act happy or fearful, their physiological responses can lead to the corresponding emotions, supporting this theory.

Question 2

Theories of emotion differ in terms of which components of emotion they emphasize. Which of the following is NOT one of those components?

Accepted Answer

Theories of emotion typically emphasize physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and subjective experience as components of emotion. Genetic predispositions are not considered a component of emotion in most theories, but may influence emotional responses.

Question 3

Whenever she sees Dylan, Madison's heart beats faster and she gets a trembling feeling inside. Madison now believes that she must be in love with Dylan. Which theory of emotion does this example illustrate?

Accepted Answer

The example given suggests that Madison experiences a physical response (her heart beating faster and feeling trembling) and interprets it as love for Dylan. This is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion, which suggests that our emotional experiences are determined by our bodily responses to stimuli.

Question 4

Dr. Yamomoto is very careful to hide her true feelings and control her facial expressions when she is in the presence of the senior administrators of the hospital in Tokyo where she works. This example illustrates:

Accepted Answer

Dr. Yamomoto's behavior is an example of adhering to the display rules of her culture, which dictate that individuals should regulate their expressions of emotion based on social norms and expectations.

Question 5

When Spencer took his first ride on the big Ferris wheel, he looked down at the fairground 100 feet below him and became aware of his high level of physiological arousal. Suddenly he felt frightened. The sequence of events in Spencer's emotional experience reflects the:

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that physiological arousal comes before the emotional experience. In Spencer's case, he first became aware of his high level of physiological arousal (being on the Ferris wheel), which then led to his emotional experience (fear).

Question 6

Who is the author of the following quote: "Common sense says we lose our fortune, are sorry and weep; we meet a bear, are frightened and run; we are insulted by a rival, are angry and strike. The hypothesis here to be defended says that this order of sequence is incorrect, that the one mental state is not immediately induced by the other, that the bodily manifestations must first be interposed between, and that the more rational statement is that we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble."

Accepted Answer

The quote is from William James, a pioneering American psychologist and philosopher, who developed influential theories on the relationship between the mind and body.

Question 7

The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion is called the:

Accepted Answer

The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion is called the facial feedback hypothesis. The other options do not explain this specific view.

Question 8

Bob has a spinal cord injury and very little physical sensation or movement below his shoulders, yet he experiences emotions just as intensely as before the accident that caused his injury. This finding poses a problem primarily for the:

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that emotions arise from our perception of physiological changes in response to a stimulus. This theory suggests that Bob should not be able to experience emotions in the same way since his physical body cannot produce significant physiological changes below his shoulders. The fact that he does still experience emotions challenges this theory.

Question 9

In the 1920s, physiologist Walter Cannon criticized the James-Lange theory of emotion by noting that:

Accepted Answer

Cannon criticized the James-Lange theory by pointing out that our emotional reaction often occurs much faster than our physiological reaction to a stimulus.

Question 10

Although facial expressions of emotion seem to be innate and, to a certain degree, universal among human cultures, we are still able to exert control over our facial expressions. This finding suggests that the expression of emotion:

Accepted Answer

While facial expressions of emotions are innate and universal, we are also able to control them based on cultural and environmental factors. Therefore, the expression of emotion can be affected by these external factors.

Question 11

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that:

Accepted Answer

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, influences the subjective experience of that particular emotion. In other words, our facial expressions can influence our emotions.

Question 12

It's more acceptable for women than men to cry in public in the United States. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a display rule, which refers to the cultural norms that dictate which emotions are appropriate to express and how they should be displayed in public. In this case, the display rule is that it is more acceptable for women than men to cry in public in the United States.

Question 13

The social and cultural rules that regulate the expression of emotion, particularly facial expressions, are called:

Accepted Answer

The term that specifically refers to the social and cultural rules that govern the display of emotions, including facial expressions, is "display rules." This term reflects the idea that different cultures or social groups may have different norms or expectations for how and when one should express certain emotions, and how much emotional expression is appropriate or acceptable in various settings. While other answer options may relate to broader concepts in psychology, facial feedback norms refer specifically to the notion that facial expressions can influence emotions, and self-efficacy norms involve beliefs about one's own ability to accomplish tasks successfully.

Question 14

The hormone epinephrine, more commonly known as _____, activates the sympathetic nervous system.

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine is more commonly known as adrenaline, and it is a hormone that activates the sympathetic nervous system. This response is often referred to as the "fight or flight" response and prepares the body for physical activity and stress. Dopamine, ghrelin, and leptin are other hormones with different functions in the body.

Question 15

Walter Cannon challenged the James-Lange theory, criticizing it on several grounds. Which of the following is one of those criticisms?

Accepted Answer

Cannon's criticism of the James-Lange theory included the observation that different emotions can produce similar physiological responses, yet we experience these emotions as distinct from one another. This challenges the James-Lange theory's assertion that emotions are primarily the result of interpreting specific physiological reactions.

Question 16

Which of the following has provided limited support for the James-Lange theory?

Accepted Answer

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences, which aligns with the James-Lange theory's idea that physiological responses can lead to emotional experiences.

Question 17

The hormone _____, more commonly known as adrenaline, activates the sympathetic nervous system.

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is the hormone that activates the sympathetic nervous system. This hormone is released by the adrenal glands during times of stress or danger, and it prepares the body for the fight-or-flight response. The other hormones listed (dopamine, ghrelin, leptin) do not activate the sympathetic nervous system in the same way as epinephrine.

Question 18

A Focus on Neuroscience feature in the motivation and emotion chapter described a PET scan study by researcher Antonio Damasio and his colleagues. The study found that when participants recalled an emotionally charged memory, internal brain changes occurred before the participant reported subjectively feeling the emotion. This evidence provides support for:

Accepted Answer

The study finding supports the James-Lange theory of emotion, which posits that physiological arousal precedes and causes subjective emotional experience.

Question 19

In one study, participants were injected with the hormone adrenaline. When asked how they felt, the subjects simply reported the physical changes produced by the drug, saying, "My heart is beating very fast." Some reported feeling as if they should be feeling an emotion, but they said they did not feel the emotion itself: "I feel as if I were afraid." These results conflict with the ____ theory of emotion.

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions arise from physiological arousal, meaning that experiencing physical changes leads to feeling an emotion. This study's results conflict with this theory because participants only reported physical changes, and not the corresponding emotions that are supposed to arise from these changes. Therefore, the best choice is A) James-Lange.

Question 20

The _____ states that emotions arise from the perception and interpretation of bodily changes.

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that our emotions arise from the perception and interpretation of bodily changes. According to this theory, when we encounter a stimulus, our bodies react first, producing physiological responses such as increased heart rate or sweating. It is only after we perceive and interpret these bodily changes that we experience emotions.

Quiz 8: Motivation and Emotion