Question 1

After Shannon's doctor tells her that she needs to start a regular exercise program, Shannon takes a look at her schedule and decides that the best time for her to exercise is when she gets home from work, and that the best form of exercise for her is to take a brisk walk. Since Shannon has read "Turning Your Goals into Reality," she decides to form a goal intention. Which of the following is the best example of a goal intention that would help Shannon turn her intention into reality?

Accepted Answer

A goal intention should be specific and measurable. Option C provides a specific goal of walking for 30 minutes a day, five days a week after work. Option A is too general and not measurable. Option B is better than option A, but still not as specific as option C. Option D is not related to the goal of starting a regular exercise program and lacks specificity.

Question 2

Contemporary emotion researchers tend to agree that:

Accepted Answer

Contemporary emotion researchers believe that emotions can be triggered in multiple ways, including through physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal, and social and cultural factors. The James-Lange theory and the two-factor theory of emotion with the facial feedback hypothesis are both considered outdated and incomplete explanations of emotion. Cognitive interpretations are believed to play a significant role in triggering emotions.

Question 3

Paralyzing facial muscles with Botox may make people who have had the procedure:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that paralyzing facial muscles with Botox may interfere with a person's ability to recognize emotional expressions, particularly those related to negative emotions such as anger and sadness. Therefore, the best choice is A: less able to recognize emotional expressions in others.

Question 4

Sitting side-by-side, Amy and Howard watched the television as the news reporter announced, "With the votes from the remaining counties, there's no question that Senator Smith has won reelection!" At that moment, Howard jumped off the couch and cheered with joy, and Amy stomped angrily out of the room. Which theory of emotion BEST accounts for their different reactions to the same information?

Accepted Answer

Lazarus's cognitive-appraisal theory of emotion suggests that individuals' emotional responses are based on their personal interpretation or appraisal of a situation, which explains why Amy and Howard have different reactions to the same news.

Question 5

Shortly after he finished a strenuous aerobic workout, Gary went on a date with Tricia. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Gary's perception of Tricia's attractiveness:

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that emotions are a result of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. In this scenario, Gary's physiological arousal from his workout may influence his perception of Tricia's attractiveness.

Question 6

Howie noticed that both when he encountered a bear in the woods on his camping trip and when he kissed his girlfriend for the first time, he felt the same pounding heart and sweaty palms. He felt afraid when he saw the bear because it was a threatening situation, but he felt excited when he kissed his girlfriend. Which theory of emotion best explains Howie's emotions?

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory suggests that emotions are the result of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. In Howie's case, he experienced the same physiological symptoms (pounding heart and sweaty palms) in both situations, but they were interpreted differently (as fear in the bear encounter and as excitement in the kiss). This supports the idea that emotions are not solely determined by physiological arousal, but also by cognitive interpretation.

Question 7

According to _____, how an individual cognitively appraises the personal significance of any event will determine the emotion he or she experiences.

Accepted Answer

The statement is based on the Cognitive Appraisal Theory, which is a theory proposed by Craig Smith and Richard Lazarus. This theory asserts that an individual's cognitive appraisal of a situation determines the emotional response to the situation. It suggests that the way an event is interpreted is what leads to the emotional experience.

Question 8

______ proposed the two-factor theory of emotion.

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by Schachter and Singer in the 1960s. This theory suggests that emotions are the result of two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. Specifically, according to this theory, when an individual experiences physiological arousal (such as increased heart rate) in response to a stimulus, they will then search their environment for a cognitive explanation for that arousal, and the combination of the arousal and explanation result in the experience of an emotion.

Question 9

Dr. Sheenan believes that cognitive appraisal is the essential trigger for an emotional response and that all other components of emotion, including physiological arousal, follow from the initial cognitive appraisal. Dr. Sheenan's views are most consistent with those of:

Accepted Answer

Dr. Sheenan's belief that cognitive appraisal is the essential trigger for an emotional response aligns with the views of Richard Lazarus, who proposed the cognitive appraisal theory of emotions. This theory suggests that emotions are the result of an individual's subjective interpretation and evaluation (appraisal) of a situation, rather than solely based on physiological responses.

Question 10

The results of Schachter and Singer's experiment in which participants were injected with epinephrine just before spending time in either a "happy" condition or an "angry" condition support the idea that:

Accepted Answer

Schachter and Singer's experiment supports the idea that emotion is the result of the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label we apply to explain the arousal. They found that participants who were injected with epinephrine (to induce arousal) and placed in a "happy" or "angry" condition experienced different emotions based on how they labeled their arousal. This suggests that the cognitive label is an important factor in determining which emotion is experienced.

Question 11

Megan has to give a class presentation in one week but hasn't begun preparing for it yet because she's convinced that she will not be able to do a good job. How could Megan overcome her self-doubts and increase her sense of self-efficacy in this situation?

Accepted Answer

By observing other students who do well and asking for their advice, Megan can learn effective presentation strategies and gain confidence in her ability to give a good presentation. This can help her overcome her self-doubts and increase her sense of self-efficacy for the upcoming presentation. Option A may reinforce Megan's negative thoughts, while option B does not provide any practical solution. Option D simply encourages avoidance, which does not address the root problem of Megan's self-doubts.

Question 12

While taking a very tough final exam, Pietro noticed that his heart was pounding and his palms were sweaty. Pietro thought about it and decided that anxiety was causing his pounding heart and sweaty palms. This best illustrates the _____ theory of emotion.

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation work together to create emotions. In this scenario, Pietro experiences a physical response (pounding heart and sweaty palms) and interprets it as anxiety, leading to his emotional state.

Question 13

According to Albert Bandura, the most effective way to strengthen your sense of self-efficacy is through:

Accepted Answer

According to Albert Bandura, mastery experiences or successfully accomplishing tasks and overcoming obstacles is the most effective way to strengthen one's sense of self-efficacy. Implementation intentions, extrinsic motivation, and intrinsic motivation can also contribute to self-efficacy, but not as strongly as mastery experiences.

Question 14

After a ride on a very frightening roller coaster with Helga, Manfred's heart was beating fast, his hands were sweating, and his knees were trembling. He looked at Helga and concluded that he must be falling in love with her. Manfred's emotional experience can best be explained by the:

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that emotions are the result of physiological arousal and a cognitive label or interpretation of the arousal. In Manfred's case, his physiological arousal (fast heart rate, sweaty hands, trembling knees) was interpreted as falling in love with Helga, likely due to the intense experience they shared on the roller coaster.

Question 15

Dr. Medely believes that emotion is the result of the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal. Dr. Medely's view is most consistent with the _____ theory of emotion.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Medely's view is most consistent with the two-factor theory of emotion, which suggests that emotion is the result of a physiological response and a cognitive label applied to that response.

Question 16

Dave is very confident about his ability to deal effectively with any situation that might arise in his job as a firefighter. Albert Bandura would probably classify Dave as a person with a high level of _____ in firefighting situations.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to successfully perform tasks and handle situations in specific domains. In this case, Dave's confidence in his ability to deal with firefighting situations reflects a high level of self-efficacy in that domain. Sensation seeking, drive, and arousal are separate constructs that do not necessarily relate specifically to one's confidence in handling specific situations.

Question 17

The theory that cognitive evaluation triggers emotional responses is called the:

Accepted Answer

The theory that cognitive evaluation triggers emotional responses is the cognitive-appraisal theory. Schachter-Singer two-factor theory suggests that physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of the arousal create emotions, facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions influence emotion, and James-Lange theory suggests that physiological responses precede and cause emotional experiences.

Question 18

Paralyzing facial muscles with Botox may make people who have had the procedure less able to recognize emotional expressions in others. The explanation given for this finding is that:

Accepted Answer

All of these options contribute to the explanation: A) Botox can prevent automatic mimicry of expressions, B) feedback from facial muscles aids in emotion recognition, and C) Botox may dampen emotional experiences, affecting perception.

Question 19

The degree to which you are convinced of your ability to meet the demands of a particular situation is called:

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to the belief in one's own ability to perform a specific task or meet the demands of a particular situation. It is related to self-confidence and has been shown to be a predictor of performance in a variety of domains, including academic, athletic, and professional contexts. Self-actualization refers to the realization of one's full potential, and is not necessarily related to one's perceived ability to meet specific demands. Interpersonal engagement and autonomy are related to social and personal factors, respectively, and are not directly related to self-efficacy.

Question 20

Whenever he is feeling gloomy, Lloyd sings the song "Put on a Happy Face." According to the facial feedback hypothesis, if he follows the advice of the song, Lloyd is likely to:

Accepted Answer

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that our facial expressions can influence our emotions. In this case, if Lloyd puts on a happy face (i.e., smiles) as the song suggests, it can actually elevate his mood and make him feel happier. Therefore, the best answer is D- he is likely to experience an elevation in his mood.

Quiz 8: Motivation and Emotion